Dear all, it's been a while since I posted this, so here it is:
This is my general approach to help people understand and repair their gastro-intestinal (GI) performance after being diagnosed with IBS.
Firstly, IBS must be diagnosed by your doctor or consultant, after checks and treatment for gastro-intestinal infections, or any other clinical reason for your illness. Most people with IBS symptoms find they are all clear, and that they have IBS usually initially set off by a GI infection or other trauma to the GI tract, which is then maintained by our modern diet, freely accessible food, anti-biotics, sedentary and clinically clean lifestyles. This is new age, western illness that is increasing in prevalence.
In IBS-D (diarrhoea predominant), the gut becomes hypersensitive to certain triggers, and the official description is that a physical brain-gut dysfunction develops which causes the gut to over-react to mild stimuli. This does not give enough time for small intestine digestion, resulting in under-digested, nutritionally rich rood entering your colon (large intestine). This excessively rich food causes an imbalance in the types and quantities of good and bad bacteria, which leads to inflammation, loose and frequent stools, gas, pain, mucus, and worsening gut performance that spirals out of control. Eating between meals causes your small intestine to become overgrown with bacteria which compete for your nutrition and cause gas and bloating. IBS-C (constipation predominant) is the opposite situation where movement through the gut is too slow. Be aware that you can still get new GI infections which make the situation even worse, or have newly developed other clinical issues that are not connected to IBS, so you need to be vigilant for this and if concerned then you should visit your doctor again.
Contrary to many, I find that stress control is not that significant in IBS. It may have an effect on adrenalin and serotonin levels, and may cause you to eat in an irregular way and not look after yourself, and these disputably have a stronger effect than the stress itself directly on your gut performance.
The good news is that in many cases IBS is at least controllable if not reversible, and you need to be positive that with the correct understanding and behaviours you can get your life back in control. Unless you actually have an allergic reaction to bread or milk or other foods, the fact that you currently can’t eat high FODMAP’s does not mean that will not be able to (at least in moderation) in the future when your GI tract is sufficiently repaired and maintained.
After 27 years of suffering with IBS I have found that the long-term solution that actually works for addressing IBS is about FIVE key topics: your vitamins, daily fasting periods, peristalsis control, toxic food additives and colonic bacteria maintenance.
You should consider yourself as the manager of a very sophisticated “food nutrient extraction factory”, that gives your body you the extracted nutrients from food and drink and keeps you alive. Resolving IBS is about changing the way you run that factory, get it back under control, and learn how to get the best performance out of it. Imagine a chaotic food factory where the raw materials keep getting added half-way through a cooking process, where someone is randomly messing with the speed dials of the conveyor belts, where the place is never cleaned, where you don’t have the right tools (i.e. vitamins, enzymes and bacteria) to do the job properly, and where the occasional spanner (illness or food poisoning) gets thrown in too; it’s not going to work well, nor have a clear route to improvement.
So after your doctor’s tests, if IBS is your diagnosis, then the first thing to get familiar with is the FODMAP diet. Eating low FODMAPs alone won’t fix you in the long term, but they are the right place to start in order to reduce the total amount of bacteria fermentable food that you are eating. You will later need to wean yourself off the diet, and selectively feed up the good bacteria in your colon using the galactans that are banned under the FODMAP diet. You need to be cutting out wheat and milk products at least, and replacing them with oats, gluten-free options and lactose free milk options, and understanding which fruit and vegetables you can eat. You can gradually work off this diet as your symptoms improve. The whole process takes several weeks, but eventually, you can be back eating just about everything again.
The FODMAP fruit list is complicated, but an easy way to remember it is like this: the "fleshy", juicy fruits are bad, i.e. (nectarines, peaches, apricots, pears, apples, plums, dates etc), but segmented fruits (oranges, mandarins etc.) and all berries are generally OK as you are not likely to eat lots of them. The best fruit of all bananas and you can eat them endlessly. They also make a base for meals in the way that plantains are used in Central and South America. For example, microwave three bananas until they are mushy, and put a couple of fried eggs and lactose-free cheese on them. Yellow plantains can be used similarly. This makes a very different and nutritious breakfast.
Bananas, figs, kiwis and pineapples have an excess of glucose over fructose, and so you can potentially use these fruits to balance fruits with excess fructose. For your body to absorb fructose, you need glucose to be present with it in a ratio of 1:1. If you want to make a fruit salad, make sure it is composed mainly of bananas, kiwi, pineapple, mandarins, strawberries etc. Adding any amount of high FODMAP fruits is generally not advisable, because they can also contain high levels of polyols, and these cannot be neutralized by balancing the glucose content.
So, having adopted the basic FODMAP diet, the next thing to sort out is your vitamins. An incident of food poisoning or GI infection can start you on a cycle that you need to make a concerted effort to recover from. IBS causes long-term vitamin deficiencies that are practically impossible to overcome if you’ve already adopted the FODMAP diet. Fundamentally, your vitamin levels affect the health of your intestines, and the health of your intestines affects your vitamin absorption; so it is becomes a vicious circle that you have to break.
Get some multi-vitamins and take them every day with your breakfast, but don’t use ones with high levels of Vitamin E. You should keep your Vitamin E supplement well below 100% RDA (NRV) to avoid weakening your skin. High doses of Vitamin E causes ruptured blood vessels, and many other undesirable side-effects. It is also a fat-soluble vitamin, which means that it can accumulate easily and cause over-dosing problems.
In the UK particularly, just about everyone is deficient in Vitamin D. Get a blood test for Vitamin D and get you doctor to judge your supplement level required to get you to healthy levels. This vitamin is crucial for so many things, and its deficiency causes a whole host of medical problems, including affecting the efficiency of your digestion.
Also, do not get vitamins with high calcium and magnesium content, as in large doses these carbonates will consume your stomach acid, and magnesium will give you diarrhoea (it is a laxative). Unfortunately, the low FODMAP diet cuts out almost all good sources of calcium, but taking pills to replace it is not the answer, you should try to get these minerals from your diet, so it is important to go for all “lactose-free” dairy products in preference over other non-milk alternatives. You will find they are barely different in taste and texture from normal dairy products, and cheese, cream, yoghurts are also all available now.
Secondly, you should understand that your “food nutrition extraction factory” works on a batch-wise basis, and definitely not on a continuous process. So, you need to sort out your fasting periods immediately to give a clear break between batches, and the complete processing of each batch. This is normally overlooked by GP’s, but is an absolutely essential element for resolving IBS. The recommendation to eat “little and often” is simply wrong for IBS because it causes “Small Intestine Bacterial Overgrowth” (SIBO).
Your small intestine should be practically sterile, and your stomach acid along with bowel cleaning contractions during fasting (called MMC) will usually do the cleaning. But, you need to fast for this to be effective, and by that I mean, ABSOLUTELY NO eating in between meals, ideally drinking only water. Imagine if you never washed your dinner plates and just kept putting food on them all the time!, they would be filthy and full of bacteria and this is what happens in your small intestine. This results in SIBO, which is apparently responsible for 85% of IBS cases, but is really only one of factors that you need to address. You need to give your small intestine plenty of time free of food for cleaning and maintaining the factory. The modern scenario of have cupboards full of rich foods permanently available day and night is a modern luxury outside of human evolution, and this is bad for you. Your stomach will sort itself out when you have got control of your small intestine (although if you've got gastritis you'll need to finish a course of omeprazole first), and then your large intestine will improve later as nutrients are more efficiently absorbed by your small intestine. Furthermore, you should be able to avoid future bouts of gastritis as during the fasting periods, your stomach becomes more neutral at nearly pH 4.
As a basic program, eat a good breakfast at say 7am (porridge with lactose free milk) or what suits you and then a good lunch at 12 o'clock – and absolutely no food in between. After lunch, no food at all for at least 5 hours, and eat well again for your evening meal because it has got to get you through the night. Ideally, no food after 7 pm, no supper or snacks, no food or milk at all until breakfast the next day. You will feel hunger in the fasting periods, but you will not starve, and this is doing you good!, You must NOT respond to the hunger - only with water or fruit tea. This is CRITICAL. Unless you are in a very healthy GI state, a mid-morning or afternoon snack interrupts your set meal digestion, causing acidity, SIBO, and driving premature advancement of food into your colon resulting in putrid fart gases mentioned later. Importantly, when you are feeling better, do not resort to your old ways, you are still recovering as you intestinal villi repair and become more efficient, and you need to make a life-style change to have this level of discipline in your eating and continue with it. It takes a few weeks at least, and you need to persevere with this. Failing on this will undermine all of your other good works. In a couple of weeks, you should be able to be getting off the low FODMAP diet, and begin working back the higher FODMAPs slowly into your diet. Some people recommend longer fasting periods, but for me the regular program above is sufficient without going extreme.
So, the third aspect of IBS is peristalsis control, also called gut motility. This is the speed at which your intestinal contractions drive food through your intestines. IBS-D can be characterized as having excessively fast gut motility or excessive peristalsis, while IBS-C is where the motility and peristalsis is too slow. If it’s too fast, then your digestive enzymes don’t have enough time to work on the food and for you to absorb the nutrients, and the food is driven prematurely into your colon which gives IBS-D.
If your farts really smell like something died in your guts, then this is because partially undigested proteins are making it through to your large intestine. This smell of rotting flesh comes from the amino acids lysine and arginine being metabolized by bad colonic bacteria into cadaverine and putrescine – the compounds that give the characteristic smell of death! Do not worry that you yourself are rotting, this is just temporary, but it shows that you really need to sort your digestion out. This may be that you have simply eaten more proteins than you can handle, but more likely that your small intestine motility has been too fast.
One approach to this is to apply some of the basic facets of the Hay diet. This is to separate proteins and carbohydrates in your meals (fats can be eaten with both and are beneficial in both as they slow down digestion.) The reason for this, is that the pancreas excretes enzymes sequentially depending on the foods detected in the duodenum (as it come out of the stomach). Hence, it is better if you can give your pancreas clear signals about what is required. In this sense, I sometimes only eat proteins for lunch with no carbohydrates, for example just a large piece of meat, fish or an omelette on its own.
“Digestive enzyme” supplements are plant-based enzymes which work in a wider pH range than your own enzymes, and so can get to work on the food while it’s still in your stomach and also during transit through your small intestine, and so boosting the work of your own pancreatic enzymes, that are released by your pancreas into your small intestine. In this case, not only are you ensuring you have sufficient enzymes working on your food, but you are also gaining extra time for effective enzyme and food mixing and action. I would suggest trying some multi-component digestive enzyme supplements, and take these with at least two meals a day, particularly your heaviest meals. You want them to contain at least amylases, proteases, and lipases (for starches, proteins and fats respectively), but they can also contain other enzymes such as cellulase (for tough vegetables) and betaine HCl which helps with stomach acid production. Pancreatic enzyme production can decrease as you get older, but this is not usually a reason for your problems, as the pancreas usually produces a vast excess over what is required. If you are taking a omeprazole or another PPI (proton pump inhibitor to reduce stomach acidity), it may be a good idea to use enzymes at this time as your stomach acid digestion will be less effective; this will be compensated to some extent by the additional enzyme action. Most importantly, you want to be sure that undigested food does not get to your large intestine where the bad bacteria will go to town on it, causing bloating, inflammation and pain. Using enzymes for IBS-D can improve your nutrition and help you to break out of the IBS cycle, but for this to work effectively you still need to slow down your gut peristalsis, by looking at the following things:
Caffeine massively stimulates peristalsis of the intestines and so this is negative for IBS-D, but positive for IBS-C. Between meal snacking, spicy foods, black or white pepper, chilli peppers, sucralose, sorbitol, tea, coffee (and de-caffeinated coffee!), peanuts, cashew nuts, almonds, chocolate, black beans also stimulate peristalsis. I have finally had to cut out chocolate now as it was definitely negative for me. The general advice given for IBS is to cut down on tea/coffee stimulants, no more than 3 cups a day is the NICE guidance, but this entirely depends on whether you have IBS-D, IBS-C or a mixture of both. If you have IBS-D, you must cut out tea and coffee altogether, and for IBS-C you could try drinking more! You can “tune” your gut peristalsis by how much tea or coffee you can tolerate in a day. A mug of coffee contains about 120 mg of caffeine, there is about 50 mg in black tea, and 30 mg in the same volume of coke. A Pro-Plus caffeine tablet only contains 50 mg of caffeine (equivalent to one cup of tea!), and if you were having 10 of these a day you would rightly be concerned! Caffeine is a drug with no nutritional value. The half-life for excretion of caffeine from your body is between 5 and 15 hours depending on your health. So, it can take about three days to remove it all from your body to know how you would really perform without it. The best thing to do is to move on to decaf tea, and have one decaf coffee per day if you really want. Acknowledging this powerful effect is very important, because even if your natural enzyme levels are good, and you also take enzyme supplements, if your gut peristalsis (motility) is too fast you will still drive undigested food to your colon causing all of the usual symptoms simply because enzyme digestion takes TIME.
You should be aware that, caffeine also “drives” anxiety, agitation and nervousness. If you are also suffering from stress, then normal tea and coffee is definitely not helping you. Caffeine is a drug substance, it’s just that as a society we’ve mistakenly chosen to ignore that important fact, and have adopted living with a certain caffeine fuelled life as being normal. Even de-caff coffee, contains other substances that may trigger gut peristalsis, so even with decaf coffee you have got to be vigilant.
Gut peristalsis is very sensitive to adrenalin. A friend of mine says that “adrenalin not used by your muscles goes to your guts” and there may be some truth to this. If you have a busy life, you are probably not coasting along on a bed of feathers, and you probably not aware of your almost constantly high adrenalin levels – that is until you start actively lowering them. Crucially, what does work, is hard exercise to burn up your adrenalin and stop it interfering with the nervous system of your guts. My advice is to do something every day, whatever you can manage in your busy life, it will all help. It will improve your gut motility, general health, bone strength, relieve tiredness, help you sleep better, improve your mental agility and help get your anxiety under control. To many people, exercise may seem like a waste of time, but it is equivalent to spending a bit of time sharpening an axe – of course it is not wasted time, but time very well spent in servicing your whole body and mind.
Closely related to this (and possibly more importantly is serotonin), which is a controlling hormone for your bowel, and is the target of low-dose anti-depressants used for IBS treatment that are used to raise your levels of it by inhibiting its destruction. TCA’s (tricyclic antidepressants) are used for IBS-D, and SSRI’s are used for IBS-C. It is important for your doctor to get this the right way round if you choose to try this. Exercise increases your serotonin levels, but there are also two other surprising ways to do this: 1.) increase your agreeableness (and avoid hostility), 2.) bright light, i.e. get outside in the daylight as much as possible and avoid dim indoor lighting.
Ideally, you want to try to live drug free, but if you can’t do that then Imodium (Loperamide) can be a complete game changer for IBS-D. It has a half-life of about 11 hours in your system so takes about 54 hours to be fully excreted, but I am even more careful than this now. Just one 2 mg tablet once or twice a week can slow your overall gut peristalsis enough to improve the IBS-D situation. This slowing will naturally change your colonic bacteria for the better and should improve all IBS-D symptoms. Taking one or two Imodium every week is sustainable, and is a simple remedy to a complex problem.
The fourth aspect of IBS is that some food additives are quite simply toxic for you and cause excessive stomach acid production, direct irritation and inflammation of the colon, allergic reaction of the colon, or they are laxatives that give you diarrhoea that you didn’t realise you were eating.
Try to seek out and eliminate “trans-fats”. These cause direct inflammation of the colon, and you will be more sensitive than most people and this confuses what is causing you trouble. Chips, hash browns, butter, doughnuts, popcorn and things cooked in cheap or old frying oil as you find in many restaurants and commercial products can give you colon pain directly through inflammation. It can take up to three or four days to recover from this inflammation, but trans-fats are bad for you in a miriad of ways (cardio-vascular and diabetes etc), not only by inflammation of the colon. A big problem here, is eating out at commercial outlets that do not change their cooking oil often enough. There is evidence that as cooking oil is re-used that the trans-fats (and other compounds) increase. So, if you want fried food as a treat, do it at home with new oil at a low temperature, and only use it once. Ideally, starches should only be boiled, rather than fried.
E407, or “Carrageenan” – is a food additive derived from a red seaweed, which is only present in small quantities as a thickener, but even at low levels it has been shown to be “highly inflammatory to the digestive tract” and associated with IBS, colitis and other GI diseases. There is loads of literature and objections to this substance on the internet. It is present in commercial Crème Caramels, soft cheeses, and many other dairy and meat products. After weeks of good health, just one of these products can knock you out for 24 hours with colon bloating and pain. I have found this by trial and error several times. Food tests show that even the food grade carrageenan contains between 2 and 25% of the non-approved “degraded” carrageenan, which is colon damaging and carcinogenic. Some food agencies now prohibit this additive altogether, and it may be responsible for a lot of IBS cases. It might be found in chocolate milk, cottage cheese, cream, crème caramel, ice cream, almond milk, diary alternatives, such as vegan cheeses or non-dairy desserts, coconut milk, creamers, hemp milk, rice milk, soy milk, and particularly processed meat. It is used extensively in cheap meats and is even injected into beef joints – so always get organic or local butcher fresh good quality meat!). It may be labelled as E407 or Carrageenan, but if you’ve got IBS, you must consider it as highly toxic for you.
Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) which is more widely used in the food industry, and has similar toxicology in animal studies, giving inflammation of the colon. However, the jury is still out on CMC to its impact on humans, and personally I can tolerate this.
Also, NICE advises against the use of Aloe Vera for IBS - although I would say for the hydration of skin burns the pure plant gel itself is miraculous, so I would recommend you get a tube of this for your medicine cabinet for minor burns.
Organic acids. As a chemist (not a pharmacist), for years I could not understand why vinegar gave me prolonged stomach pains. Acetic acid in vinegar, and citric acid are both carboxylic acids that are much weaker than the hydrochloric acid (HCl) that is produced by your stomach to digest food, they are about 1000 times less acidic. In your stomach, they will be protonated by the stronger HCl, and so should not be able to express their acidity, and will contribute practically nothing to your stomach acidity directly. However, what they do is stimulate your stomach to produce MORE acid, more than you need. I struggled to neutralize this with whatever amount of Gaviscon I take, so I suspect that in their neutral state these organic acids may actually pass through your cell walls where they can then express their acidity and cause burning pain. However, for me this is also less of an issue now as I take 20 mg daily omeprazole. The same would apply for mono-sodium glutamate (MSG), which clinical trials and several scientific articles connect with IBS. In the stomach this will quickly become glutamic acid (a di-acid) and lose the sodium. In white wine malic acid, and in red wine succinic acid do the same. Tomato paste is another one that is concentrated in organic acids and gives me prolonged pain, although I am fine with fresh tomatoes. Sour fruits are generally high in organic acids, and should be avoided. Pineapple juice, sour orange juice and berries also cause pain. All these different organic acids are of roughly similar acidic strength, but it is the trigger to produce more stomach acid, and their own action on cells that may be the issue.
E338, E339, E340, E341, E450, E451 and E452, are phosphates, diphosphates or polyphosphates as different salts. Natural phosphates are essential for life, and your body is full of organically bound phosphates, however, free ionic phosphates have several problems. Firstly, they are laxatives and will give you diarrhoea (sodium phosphate was once used to prepare patients for colonoscopies!). Secondly, they are associated with cardiovascular disease and accelerated aging. Since the 1990’s we are now exposed to twice the amount of added phosphate in foods; this is bad. There are calls to have added phosphate labelled on products as a health warning. Particular culprits are mass produced sausages and processed ham and chicken slices (and other meats), some cheeses, and cola (both diet and normal). So, always buy ham “on the bone”, which usually has no phosphate added, but check the label. Personally, all phosphate additives in commercially processed meats make me ill. Unfortunately, this along with the excess of fats, and added pepper means that sausages and sausage rolls are bad for you for multiple reasons, and I have resigned myself to having to quit them altogether.
Aspartame and other sweeteners definitely have a negative role to play in IBS for many people. As with the other toxins above, your ability to cope with them varies on a spectrum. If you look at some of the work of K.J. Mielke, many of these additives can be allergens or “pseudoallergens” and with time you can develop a colonic reaction to them. The best sweetener for IBS is normal table sugar (sucrose), otherwise, it’s “Stevia” which is quite a new plant based sweetener and seems to be safe for IBS.
Other points...
There is a lot of support for L-glutamine to help with repair of your small-intestinal lining; this means buying 500g of the bodybuilder powder type and having a couple of tea-spoons of this a day - one before breakfast and one just before you go to bed, and you can have this in a light cordial drink. I don’t think this is a permanent requirement, but I think it may help you recover more quickly from long term issues.
Excessive burping which starts a couple of hours after eating can be due to excessive acid being neutralized by the sodium bicarbonate that is released by your pancreas, releasing more CO2 than you can cope with re-adsorbing. The short-term remedy for this is to take a couple of anti-acid tablets (Gaviscon), but the long term and better option that I have found is 20 mg of omeprazole every day before breakfast. At 49 now, my consultant has put me on this, and for me this dose is stable and effective with no side effects, and the consultant assures me that it is safe in the long term. Things can get worse if you don’t control long term excess acidity so it is better to tackle this. In the first instance you can look at foods we know activate your stomach to produce excess acid. These are the usual culprits of fatty foods, spicy foods, tomato paste, garlic, milk, caffeinated and de-caff coffee and tea, cola, peppermint, chocolate and aspirin.
Pro-biotics - there is evidence to show that they help to re-establish good bacteria following anti-biotic treatment. However, in long term use they become insignificant. I have had more success with pre-biotics like Bimuno, which are basically food for your large intestine good bacteria. These help to strengthen the lining of your colon, and further improve your resilience to potential trigger foods and inflammation, and deal with the remaining nutrients in your food. Again, I would only use these periodically for a few weeks to help you back to a good state which you can then manage with the other good behaviours. They can give a noticeable improvement in your GI comfort and performance, but don’t depend on them alone - it won’t last. You cannot get away with routinely having poorly digested food getting to your large intestine. These contain galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), about 0.7 g per tablet. Your normal source of these are the galactans which are banned on the FODMAP diet (and also in normal bread). You need these to feed the good bacteria in your colon, not just add tiny quantities of them in pro-biotics. After you have initially starved the bacteria with several weeks of strict FODMAP diet and fasting, the key to long-term good gut health is regularly eating natural pre-biotics. You cannot get this on the FODMAP diet and need to break away from it in order to get to a state of “fairly robust” control. So there is a need to be eating small amounts of normal bread, baked beans, kidney beans, chickpeas, or lentils etc. on a regular basis. This means two or three normal portions of baked beans per week, and you’ll be liberated from having to be excessively careful all the time. 100 g of baked beans is about the same amount of GOS as a Bimuno tablet, so that’s about a quarter of a 400 g standard tin of baked beans.
I should also mention hormone changes in women can be connected with IBS, affecting serotonin and the brain-gut nervous system, but being male I have no personal experience in this!
Similarly, hypnosis is actually recommended by NICE as the best alternative therapy, again trying to get a grip on the nervous dysfunction. I have tried this, but for me it was just about being very relaxed with your eyes shut for half an hour, and not spoiling the fun for everybody and pretending you actually are “hypnotized”! Unfortunately, I was £75 worse off for the privilege. However, like other psychotherapies it concentrates on repeatedly putting lots of positive thoughts in your mind, boosting your self-confidence and giving strategies for dealing with negativity, so I’d say it is a good complement for your psychology and anxiety, although it will not address fundamental organic issues like SIBO and most of the other things discussed here.
Dealing with Flare-ups
First thing is, fix your SIBO as described above. If you still have SIBO symptoms, oregano oil capsules are very good. Oregano oil it is bactericidal, anti-inflammatory and can help with acute SIBO problems. Peppermint oil is similarly used but is a potent trigger for excess stomach acid and burping. Take some digestive enzymes, to ensure your digestion is complete. Fixing your SIBO has got to be your priority.
If you are on top of your SIBO, then a bowel toxin might hit you 5 to 8 hours after a meal as the food gets to your large intestine. Paracetamol for bowel pain, and better than ibuprofen for IBS. Second, a couple of 10 mg Buscopan should stop the cramps. If you have IBS, always have available advance some linseed (the seeds) and natural aniseed (Star Anise), and when you are bad make the following tea: in a saucepan, add 1/4 teaspoon of linseed, ½ to 1 anise star, 1 teaspoon of sugar, a squirt of lemon juice (bottled is fine), and one full mug of water. Boil to simmer, with stirring, for 3 to 5 minutes, then sieve off the hot liquid back into the mug. This is a very effective remedy that I have used countless times, and it really does help. The reason that it helps (anecdotally) is that the “gooey” linseed extract coats the intestinal lining. There may be some truth to this, as some propose that the mechanism of intestinal inflammation is a chemical attack on the mucus lining of the intestine which then allows food particles be exposed to the more delicate tissues underneath, causing inflammation. The linseed goo would provide a temporary replacement to the mucus lining, preventing further inflammation. In fact, NICE recommends oats and linseeds for daily consumption for IBS patients.
A few of my most appreciated references…
“Treatment and Management of SIBO — Taking a Dietary Approach Can Control Intestinal Fermentation and Inflammation, by Aglaée Jacob, MS, RD; Today’s Dietitian; December 2012, Vol. 14 No. 12 P. 16”.
badgut.org/information-cent...
guidelines.co.uk/gastrointe...
“10% Human” by Allanna Collen.
“Breaking the vicious cycle, intestinal health through diet” by Elaine Gottshall.
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