Low-carb diet - ketogenesis - PSADT

[pjoshea13]

New study from Steve Freedland et al.

"Serum metabolomic analysis of men on a low-carbohydrate diet for biochemically recurrent prostate cancer reveals the potential role of ketogenesis to slow tumor growth: a secondary analysis of the CAPS2 diet trial" [1]

Bottom line: Low-carb diet may lenghthen PSADT {PSA doubling time}.

"Conclusion: These results suggest a potential association of ketogenesis and TCA * metabolites with slower PC growth and conversely glycolysis with faster PC growth. The link of high ketone bodies with longer PSADT supports future studies of ketogenic diets to slow PC growth."

* TCA: "The citric acid cycle (CAC) – also known as the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) or the Krebs cycle[1][2] – is a series of chemical reactions to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins." [2]

"Regression analysis of the PSADT revealed a correlation between longer PSADT with higher level of 2-hydroxybutyric acids, ketone bodies, citrate and malate.

"Longer PSADT was also associated with LCD {low-carb diet} reduced nicotinamide, fructose-1, 6-biphosphate (FBP) and 2-oxobutanoate."

-Patrick

[1] pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/353...

Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis

. 2022 Mar 25. doi: 10.1038/s41391-022-00525-6. Online ahead of print.

Serum metabolomic analysis of men on a low-carbohydrate diet for biochemically recurrent prostate cancer reveals the potential role of ketogenesis to slow tumor growth: a secondary analysis of the CAPS2 diet trial

Jen-Tsan Chi 1 , Pao-Hwa Lin 2 , Vladimir Tolstikov 3 , Lauren Howard 4 , Emily Y Chen 3 , Valerie Bussberg 3 , Bennett Greenwood 3 , Niven R Narain 3 , Michael A Kiebish 3 , Stephen J Freedland 5 6

Affiliations collapse

Affiliations

1 Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Genomics and Computational Biology, Durham, NC, USA. [e-mail].

2 Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.

3 BERG, Framingham, MA, USA.

4 Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.

5 Center for Integrated Research in Cancer and Lifestyle, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA. [e-mail].

6 Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. [e-mail].

PMID: 35338353 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-022-00525-6

Abstract

Background: Systemic treatments for prostate cancer (PC) have significant side effects. Thus, newer alternatives with fewer side effects are urgently needed. Animal and human studies suggest the therapeutic potential of low carbohydrate diet (LCD) for PC. To test this possibility, Carbohydrate and Prostate Study 2 (CAPS2) trial was conducted in PC patients with biochemical recurrence (BCR) after local treatment to determine the effect of a 6-month LCD intervention vs. usual care control on PC growth as measured by PSA doubling time (PSADT). We previously reported the LCD intervention led to significant weight loss, higher HDL, and lower triglycerides and HbA1c with a suggested longer PSADT. However, the metabolic basis of these effects are unknown.

Methods: To identify the potential metabolic basis of effects of LCD on PSADT, serum metabolomic analysis was performed using baseline, month 3, and month 6 banked sera to identify the metabolites significantly altered by LCD and that correlated with varying PSADT.

Results: LCD increased the serum levels of ketone bodies, glycine and hydroxyisocaproic acid. Reciprocally, LCD reduced the serum levels of alanine, cytidine, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and 2-oxobutanoate. As high ADMA level is shown to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) signaling and contribute to various cardiovascular diseases, the ADMA repression under LCD may contribute to the LCD-associated health benefit. Regression analysis of the PSADT revealed a correlation between longer PSADT with higher level of 2-hydroxybutyric acids, ketone bodies, citrate and malate. Longer PSADT was also associated with LCD reduced nicotinamide, fructose-1, 6-biphosphate (FBP) and 2-oxobutanoate.

Conclusion: These results suggest a potential association of ketogenesis and TCA metabolites with slower PC growth and conversely glycolysis with faster PC growth. The link of high ketone bodies with longer PSADT supports future studies of ketogenic diets to slow PC growth.

© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.

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***

[2] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citri...

[Captain_Dave]

THANK YOU!

I went on the keto diet a while back, and my PSA went down. I found it difficult to stay on the keto diet for more than a couple months. Anytime someone mentioned keto diet for cancer, they get flamed, strung up, impaled with pointy sticks and pitchforks!

There was a nurse that went by the name Appleseed Annie. She has helped people treat with diet. She posted here about it and was almost stoned to death. I felt sorry for her and I doubt she will ever post again. That was when I left this site in disgust.

[pjoshea13 in reply to Captain_Dave]

AnnieAppleseed was an early member (2016) & I see that her last post was 2 years ago. I hadn't realized that she gave up on us.

For years, when I was searching for info about 'natural' products, there would be a hit for her blog & I'd find useful links.

I believe she was diagnosed with cancer about 30 years ago.

Seems that she started the 'Annie Appleseed Project" Surprised she found time for us.

-Patrick

[Boywonder56]

My heads spinning after that one.....cut to the chase pj.....is keto good or bad...am i still gonna die from apc....should i put the hamburger snd fries down.....🤪

[CAMPSOUPS in reply to Boywonder56]

My first MO I really liked.About the 2nd appt. she leaned in close with the most compassionate look on her face and said quietly "this will be what you die from".

She didnt tell me to put the cheeseburger down. Not to mention I was wasted away and needed to gain some weight.

[Boywonder56 in reply to CAMPSOUPS]

Talk about bedside manner....when i dropped my hs friend as uroligist....my new mo said..verbatum" stop the casodex its bullshit....we'll do davinci rp.".. nurse hand him bone scan..."no we wont this changes evrything....were gonna try for 2- 5 yrs...."...world went to gray.....bw

[MrG68 in reply to CAMPSOUPS]

It’s interesting that you think that about diet. If you didn’t have cancer, would you think the same? That you can eat whatever and it doesn’t matter? Surely you recognize that eating say the SAD isn’t a wise thing to do?

[MrG68 in reply to CAMPSOUPS]

Maybe it’s time to reconsider that advice and put down the cheeseburger.

healthunlocked.com/advanced...

Like I said before, relying solely on these research papers isn’t as gospel as you think!

[pjoshea13 in reply to Boywonder56]

An old post (5 years ago):

healthunlocked.com/advanced...

& another:

healthunlocked.com/advanced...

More recent:

healthunlocked.com/advanced...

***

The ketogenic diet can be very effective for young kids suffering from epileptic seizures, but when they start school & learn about cupcakes, etc. ....

When we are first diagnosed with PCa, the cells are quite happy to continue with lipids for energy. A switch to glycolysis can occur, but is not the hallmark of PCa in the early stages. A PET scan using FDG (2-Deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-Glucose) will identify mets that are avid for glucose. Perhaps a ketogenic diet would be most effective in such cases?

-Patrick

[clayfin in reply to Boywonder56]

No - carry on eating the things you like to eat - just in moderation. Many interactions within the body and between the body and the environment caused our disease - cutting out a few food groups is not going to increase your life span any longer than it currently is. SOC, exercise (3 -5 hours a week - weightlifting and cardio), stress reduction (meditation and better sleep, for eg.) and reducing inflammation (statins, metformin, Cialis among others) is the route to possible increased longevity.

[MrG68 in reply to Boywonder56]

Actually, there’s a lot of people think that diets don’t matter. They’re entitled to that opinion, but I’m not one of those people. Like I’ve said before:

-> your immune system fights cancer.

-> your diet affects your immune system.

It’s hard to believe therefor that your diet doesn’t affect cancer. I also believe that you’ll read these research papers and literally read the next one that shows the opposite.

Yes, there are papers which use the ‘gold standard’ and randomization, but the majority don’t. I also believe that even the gold standard isn’t good enough. The “real” gold standard should be to have identical cloned people, who are treated exactly the same, under the same environment, given the same diet, with the same amount of sunlight and all the rest. Obviously you can’t even attempt it because of ethics. You simply can’t extract a single variable under test with an infinite number of varying variables in different environments. This os why we have lab rats. To ‘ethically’ control the inputs as much as possible. We are not rats.

Diet isn’t a panacea, there’s all kinds of other things that have an effect - sleep, exercise, stress, toxins and all kinds of other stuff.

I believe that inflammation has a strong association with disease and cancer is not an exception. I try to treat inflammation as opposed to try to target a cancer, since it should have an effect on the cancer indirectly.

From what I’ve researched wrt to inflammation and diets, there are two ends of the spectrum that deal with inflammation. Carnivore and plant based. Keto is also great, but it does have carbs.

Why do I say that about carbs? Because there is something called the Randal effect. If you eat both carbs and fats, the fats block the oxidation of glucose and vice versa. This can lead up to unused glucose which the body has to deal with. Some people react differently to different diets so it’s important to try and see what works for you. Get psa tests and glucose readings and see what your results are until you’re sure what works.

[Currumpaw in reply to MrG68]

Hey MrG68!

Yes indeed. There are many factors and factors that are specific to each individual.

There are many papers and studies to choose from and knowledge is always changing as more is known.

Testing one thing, one supp, one food at a time belies the effect that synergy has.

One should take full advantage of standard care, but also, research and consider alternatives as adjuvant measures.

What is the heavy metal load one's body has? That would be one thing to find out. Chelation can help remove much of that heavy metal load.

Currumpaw

[rocket09]

Thank You for this and I may try it!

[Graham49 in reply to rocket09]

IMO if you do the keto diet don't eat lots of meat fat, go for plant based oils. You have to think of your heart as well.

[pjoshea13 in reply to Graham49]

Nuts!

A great way increasefat intake.

-Patrick

[noahware in reply to pjoshea13]

For keto, especially these ones: macadamia, brazil, pecan, walnut and hazelnut.

Cashews are a bit too high in carb, almonds are a bit too high in protein, for consuming a lot of on a really aggressive keto plan.

It is hard to believe, but I can still source raw walnuts and raw almonds for under five bucks a pound, even as prices of many things are going crazy.

[Currumpaw in reply to pjoshea13]

Hey pjoshea13!

My blended drink has almonds, walnuts and pecans in it.

It also has quite a few seeds and powders. Seeds are a germinating food, the powerhouse of the plant, capable of growing a new plant, new life.

Currumpaw

[MrG68 in reply to Graham49]

Well, IMO, I don’t think there’s a thing wrong with animal fats. You can get everything you need if you eat a carnivore diet. This is as long as you meat quality meats and fats. Just eat the fat that comes with the meat. But people do keto as opposed to full carnivore. This introduces carbs. The real issue is when you mix carbs and fats. You get the Randal effect where fats block glucose oxidation and vice versa. So really you should not eat them at the same time.

There are,however, issues with vegetable fats. Have a look at vegetables and see how much fats are in there. Not a lot, right? So they are highly processed.This makes them inflammatory. My suggestion if you’re doing keto, do animal fats and limit your carbs and possibly take them at different times.

Be aware that too much protein will actually take you out of ketosis, if that’s what you’re aiming for. It gets converted to glucose by gluconeogenesis. Your body requires a small amount of glucose which is why it’s capable of making glucose.

If you do Keto, you will probably see a rise in ldl. Some see a dramatic rise - I’m in that category. I personally believe that the issue with ldl is problematic if you’re low in it, not high.

I believe that your body will set ldl to what it believes is required wrt your environment. If this is of concern to you, you could consider a plant based diet which should significantly lower it. I wouldn’t consider anything like statins myself. You’d be better changing your diet than taking these drugs. I believe that they are poisonous. I’m sure that there are those that will disagree with that. They’re entitled to their opinion, but why even take them if there’s an alternative where they are not required.

[noahware]

My n=1 experience after diagnosis in 2019 was a drop in PSA from 20 to 14 over four months. I should mention in addition to going keto, I dramatically reduced calories and did time-restricted feeding (as well as consuming supposedly anti-cancer foods like broccoli sprouts).

During this time (after a few weeks adjusting) I also felt physically and mentally more sharp and energetic, more alive. I am experiencing that again as I just resumed the diet about a month ago.

But if you enjoy eating and drinking (especially socially) this can be a hard diet to maintain. Taking "a break" from ultra-strict adherence for a few days can end up meaning a break of a few weeks, months or years! Anyone with addictive tendencies that can be food-directed may struggle with cravings similar to those of other addicts.

My standard "big meal" on keto: salad greens loaded w/ kalamata olives, avacodo and pecans, with a very large amount of high-quality EVOO and small amount of lemon or lime juice and crumbled goat or feta cheese.

[PBnative in reply to noahware]

You’re telling my story . I used to be able to avoid carbs and time restrict my eating . I lost 30 lbs last year but have gained back 20 since starting ADT . Carbs make me feel better when I feel crappy from hot flashes etc . I am a carb addict for sure . I have to go through a withdrawal period to get back on the low glycemic plan

[noahware in reply to PBnative]

Carb craving for me is worst when tired... and hot flashes don't make for sound sleeping!

[PBnative in reply to noahware]

My whoop strap says I sleep about half the time I’m in bed due to night sweats 😩

[Captain_Dave]

I was diagnosed 12 years ago. I have always been the type to read and research everything from my disease to what lawnmower to buy. I have read enough to be convinced that supplements and diets can help some. We are all different and there is no cookie cutter approach. Keto may help some and vegan help others. Same with supplements. I used to post a lot here, but the attacks on some by the "only meds can help, everyone else is lying" group turned me off.

I was following Dom D'Agostino Ph.D. at University of South Florida and his keto diet research there. He also has a website ketonutrition.org

[PBnative]

The KETO-TARIAN diet/by Dr. Will Cole is worth a look . Low - glycemic , plant - based regimen with some healthy fish and grass fed beef ( for nutrients .) I’ve gained 20 lbs in 4 months on Orgovyx and Zytiga with prednisone ( after losing 30 lbs ) on ketogenic diet earlier in the year . If I eat carbs I just get bigger and bigger . My original uro 13 years ago was big on keto and then my naturopath , who suggested I get a PSMA -PET and some radiation, told me there are studies out in Washington State showing PCa eats ketones . I need low glycemic for my type 2 diabetes and less animal products for my homocysteine, which contributes to my 930 Calcium Score .

[noahware in reply to PBnative]

LOL, you are also telling MY story... I too gained 20 lbs in 4 months on Firmagon and Zytiga with prednisone! I noticed a big increase in appetite which I attributed to the prednisone. (Also got a burst of energy for the first few weeks from the steroid, but that faded and the appetite stayed.)

[Hidden]

Do you practice keto? If you were going to add in keto "pulses" would you do them during the SPT or ADT portions of BAT?

[MrG68]

Guys, be very careful here.

I did a series of 4/5 day water fasts followed by 7 days Keto style diet with very low carbs for a couple of months. I was HEAVILY in ketosis all the way through.

My psa went up exponentially. I obviously expected the opposite but that's what happened.

I stopped the Keto and fasting and started a plant based diet and it went the other way.

If you do this I STRONGLY suggest you take psa tests every couple of weeks at the start to see where your baseline is and then to see the change in psa goes. If your change in psa was anything like mine, it's a rapid change. You need to see the results ASAP.

I believe that different people have different body types and they react differently. Looks like mine reacted positively on a plant based diet. I'm not pro plant based or anything like that, I prefer Keto but that's the way it is for me.

One other thing, if you're not used to ketosis, you may suffer extreme fatigue as your body adjusts to using fat. Take it extremely easy when exercising. Some people get dizzy spells even without exercise.

[spw1 in reply to MrG68]

When my husband wanted to try fasting, we looked around for evidence to see if fasting would help to kill cancer and slow tumour growth, but there was no clear answer. For some brain cancers, high fat low carb diet seemed to be working but for PCa people's experiences are varied. My husband feels good on a very low fat whole foods plant based diet. His overall health is wonderful and the best thing is that he can eat as much as he likes, feel full but not put on any weight even though he is on Zoladex and Enzalutamide.

[London441]

You guys do what you like. My experience with keto is it’s misery, it’s too much fat and only works if I’m very strict with it. It also is a big energy drain and interferes with my workouts. As a QOL issue alone it’s not worth it for me. Fish/plant based, some intermittent fasting with carbs restricted to healthy ones in moderation is my preference.

I’m not trashing keto, but it’s definitely not for everyone.

[Jalbom49]

There are a number of case reports of success for the keto diet for Glioblastoma Multiforme, an incurable brain cancer., that I am familiar with as I was trained as a Neuroradiologist in the seventies.More than just keto I practice an Ancestral Health Diet, avoiding not only sugar, but refined carbohydrates and seed oils, which are marketed as vegetable oils.

About twenty years ago, there was a slight shift by the American Heart Association with recommending the Mediterranean diet, with olive oils. The papers at that time showed this diet reduced the omega 6 to 3 ratio down to 4 to 1, with improved health. The diet reduced both saturated fat and seed oils.

It was never proven that animal fats or cholesterol are unhealthy. Thanks to the Indiana Jones of medical research, Christopher Ramsden M D, of the NI H, we have the recovered data from the Minnesota Coronary Study and the Sydney

Heart study, both of which were buried or not published, which failed to show any benefit to substitution by seed oils for animal fats, and even suggested that lowering cholesterol by this method resulted in increased mortality.

Since I started low carb in 2013, I have avoided seed oils ever more strictly.

I now avoid them like the plague,regarding them as chronic toxins .

Almost a hundred years ago Weston A Price investigated declining health and discovered the key role of the “displacing foods of modern civilization”.

Recently others like the doctors Chris Knobbe and Cate Shannahan and citizen scientist Tucker Goodrich have taken up the banner. Tucker has YouTube videos, podcasts and a blog. The doctors have written books and YouTube videos.

They emphasize the negative effect of seed oils, including interfering with the p53 gene which is an anti cancer gene. These oils also cause insulin resistance and stimulate appetite inducing obesity.

So I’ve been all in on saturated fats and cholesterol and as a case report have reversed diabetes, obesity sleep apnea gout and kidney stones and have had an undetectable psa for 30 months.

[lancer82801 in reply to Jalbom49]

Very good comments and sources. Two other sources that can improve our view of the medical/nutritional community are The Big Fat Surprise Nina Teicholz and

Vit K2 and the Ca Paradox Kate Rheaume-Bleue

i would recommend both these books for anybody, but dealing with prostate cancer it is even more important to understand how much just bad and incorrect information is passed on as gospel

[Jalbom49 in reply to lancer82801]

Yes, I agree, those books you recommended are excellent.Newer advocates I failed to mention include the Fire in a Bottle website,

With Brad Marshall, the twitters Seed oil disrespector and healthy oil respecter, and website Seedoilrebellion.

Other citizen scientists include Ivor Cummins, David Diamond Phd and David Feldman.

Malcolm Kendrick Md, who I’ve followed for years just came out with the book The Clot Thickens, which revives Rokatinsky’s 19th century theory of plaque as originating with blood clots after intimacy damage. I find it convincing.

[dhccpa]

A more precise definition of "keto diet" would be nice. How many calories per day? How many grams of fat, protein, carbs each daily?

What types of food are allowed or not allowed? Bacon? Sausage? Cold cuts? Milk? Cream? Yogurt?

Without some of that info, the term is not as meaningful. Most people that I've known who adopted the keto diet were not cancer patients. For whatever reason, most, perhaps all, cheated while they were on it and phased out of it relatively quickly. They seemed to use it as a weight-loss diet.

[noahware in reply to dhccpa]

Good points, and in context of MrG68's comment above on switching from keto to plant-based diet, one CAN do plant-based keto (not easy, but possible).

My goal is mostly plant, 1000-1500 cal for weight loss and 1500-2000 to maintain; 90% fat, 5+5 protein and carb; time-restricted to 8 hr max.

It is VERY hard to maintain for the long haul, and I'm net even sure that trying to do so would be a good or healthy idea. But for me (a carb addict) I feel better mentally and physically while on it, after the few weeks it takes to adjust. Others' mileage may vary!

[dhccpa in reply to noahware]

Thanks. How do you get 90 per cent fat from plants? Olive oil?

[noahware in reply to dhccpa]

That's the biggie. It's amazing how many fat calories you can get by very generously dressing a salad!

Also: high-fat nuts (including coconut and its cream/oil), avocado, 100% cacoa.

This diet is high in low-net-carb veggies: greens, cabbage, cauliflower, celery, mushrooms, etc. Small amounts of butter, cheese, cream, fatty fish.

[dhccpa in reply to noahware]

Thanks!

[anonymoose2]

Dr Robert Atkinson RIPAtkins had a history of heart attack, congestive heart failure and hypertension, and that at the time of his death he weighed 258 pounds.

Is the Keto and Atkins diet the same give or take a pound of bacon and marbled prime T-Bone steaks?

[pjoshea13 in reply to anonymoose2]

The Atkins diet is a low-carb diet but is not as extreme as the keto.

Atkins slipped on ice outside his NYC residence & hit his head. He was in a coma for most of his time in hospital & died there.

Ironically, he ballooned-up because of the glucose drip. A 100% carb diet for his final 9 days.

When I was in hospital for my RP, my doctor told the nurse that I could eat what I wanted. The kitchen however, kept sending jello, etc, & I refused to touch it. I lived on coffee & water for the 2+ daus I was there. I gained 5 lbs! Crazy.

[Jalbom49 in reply to pjoshea13]

I agree.

[anonymoose2 in reply to pjoshea13]

Yes the slip and fall probably didn’t help his congestive heart failure. “The diet may increase the risk of heart disease.[6][9] A medical report issued by the New York medical examiner's office a year after the author's death showed that he had a history of heart attack, congestive heart failure and hypertension.[10] The Atkins diet has been criticized by the American Medical Association, American Dietetic Association and the American Heart Association as nutritionally unbalanced.

[cigafred in reply to pjoshea13]

Glad you added this. Dr. Atkins was my introduction to supplements (back then there were few others (Adelle Davis was one) who provided research in this area. His diet helped me start to control my weight, though I proved he was correct that alcohol was to be avoided on his diet--I lost all the hair on my legs and the only way I could endure long airplane flights was to get a window seat in an exit row of a Jumbo so I could raise my legs and rest them on the porthole of the exit door.

Yes, his diet has been criticized, I think probably correctly, but he defended against many of the accusations with case studies and other data. He clearly discovered or popularized a keto-type approach that helped many people, but was too extreme in some ways.

[noahware in reply to anonymoose2]

There is no requirement to eat meat (or dairy or eggs or fish) on keto. Best results for some are actually obtained with minimal protein. Those who recommend keto for cancer often note that excess protein upregulates many of the metabolic and other pathways that being in ketosis is meant to downregulate!

[Jalbom49 in reply to noahware]

Steven Gundry MD is a big advocate for a vegetarian keto diet. I found his book Plant Paradox a great help on preparing vegetables and avoiding lectins,Even though I eat a animal and fish based diet.

[Rsdutcher7]

My husband has been “cancer keto” (not internet keto”) since diagnosis over 5 years ago. I support him & do it too. Combined with intermittent fasting and Hyperbaric oxygen chamber (owned). I know many people on this forum want conclusive clinical trial data before they try something but I have been told when it comes to nutrition it’s too hard to get data in a controlled environment because not all the subjects eat the same things at the same times. All I know from personal experience is he’s doing well with an aggressive BRCA 2 MRPC. He Feels good & responds to treatments well, etc. So it works for us! But we’ve never not done it so don’t know if he’d be worse off eating sugar and carbs…just know that common sense says NO human really does well on sugar…inflammation is the route of all disease ;(

[TnRebel62]

I eat what I want! That was pretty much my motto as my A1C continued it’s climb, peaking at 8.4 a month before my Dx. I decided enough of that foolishness and signed up through work for a program to get me back under Type 2 threshold. Keto diet <30 carbs , <15 oz protein per day. 6 months later I had dropped 30 lbs and A1C was 6.8. I discussed my diet with MOs, ROs, NPs and they were all on board with it. With an exercise program to help sustain muscle mass because of the loss from Lupron/Xtandi I probably need a little more protein in my diet at this point but my body is saying it’s a good thing and seems to working well with my treatments.

[MrG68]

Incase you missed it:healthunlocked.com/advanced...

What's that? Diet has an effect on health? Who'd have thought that?

[j-o-h-n]

Stick to a Greek Mitterrandian diet in moderation..... OPA!!!

Κητω

Transliteration

Ketô

Latin Spelling

Ceto

Translation

Sea-Monster (kêtos)

KETO (Ceto) was the goddess of the dangers of the sea and, more specifically, of sea-monsters, whales and large sharks (all called ketea in Greek). She consorted with her brother Phorkys (Phorcys) to produced a brood of fearsome monsters including--the she-dragon Ekhidna (viper), sailor-devouring Skylla (crab), the hundred-headed serpent Ladon, the one-eyed Graiai (grey ones), and the petrifying Gorgones (terrible ones).

Good Luck, Good Health and Good Humor.

j-o-h-n Monday 03/28/2022 6:34 PM EST