Patient: Doctor, why do you measure Thyroid Stimulating Hormone?
GP: Thats an easy one. TSH is a reliable indicator of Thyroid health.
Patient: So, does the TSH come from the Thyroid gland then?
GP: No, it comes from the pituitary gland.
Patient: So is TSH a thyroid hormone?
GP: Well no, it comes from the pituitary gland.
Patient: Ah, I see. What does TSH do?
GP: It stimulates the Thyroid gland to produce T4 and T3.
Patient: So does TSH have an effect in the cells of the body that aren’t the Thyroid gland?
GP: No it only has an effect in the Thyroid gland. The clue is in the title, - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, dummy!
Patient: So TSH in not a hormone produced by the Thyroid gland and it doesn’t have an effect in the peripheral tissues?
GP: Err, no, thats right!
Patient: So what does have an effect in the cells of the rest of the body then?
GP: Why, that is T4.
Patient: Isn’t that just a precursor to T3?
GP: Well, er yes. You got me there. Hang on, I know this one. (slowly works this out aloud). The Thyroid gland produces T4 and T3. The T4 is converted to T3. Thats it. The T4 is converted to T3 in addition to the T3 already produced by Thyroid gland.
Patient: Does T4 have an effect in the cells of the body?
GP: No… I think. Not that I know of.
Patient: So, which is the thyroid hormone that actually has an effect in the peripheral tissues?
GP: Why that’s easy, its T3. Definitely.
Patient: If T3 is the hormone that has the effect in the cells, it must be an important hormone?
GP: Correctamundo! T3 is PRETTY important.
Patient: Do you measure that?
GP: No, of course not. Don’t be silly.
Patient: Is there a blood test for T3?
GP: Oh yes. There definitely is.
Patient: Why don’t you measure T3 then?
GP: Because we measure TSH to see how well the Thyroid gland is working, not anything else.
Patient: Eh?
GP: Thats right. We measure TSH to see how much T3 there is in the blood. We don’t measure T3 to see how much T3 is in the blood. Even though we can. No sir.
Patient: Why is that?
GP: Because there is a negative feedback loop relationship between T4 and TSH. The more T4 there is in the blood the less TSH is produced by the pituitary gland. Conversely, the less T4 there is in the blood, the more TSH there is in the blood.
Patient: Hang on, you have just jumped from T3 to T4. Why is that?
GP: All the T4 is converted to T3. And we don’t measure T3.
Patient: So if T4 is the thyroid pro-hormone, could you measure T4 to see how much T4 is in the blood?
GP: Oh yes.
Patient: Do you?
GP: No. Well… sometimes. If we are pushed.
Patient: Let me get this straight. In order to find out if the thyroid gland is producing enough T4 and enough T3 you don’t measure the T4 and T3 the thyroid gland produces.
GP: Yes. Bang on there.
Patient: Even though you can?
GP: Nope. Not gonna measure T4 - unless I have to. ABSOLUTELY not going to measure T3.
Patient: You don’t think that it is a good idea to measure T4 and T3 to find out how much T4 and T3 is produced by the Thyroid gland?
GP: No, its a terrible idea.
Patient: Why is that?
GP: Because we can measure TSH. TSH in the blood tells us how much T4 and T3 is in the blood. Not the T4 and T3 in the blood.
Patient: Hmmm! How do you know if some of the T4 doesn’t get converted to T3?
GP: Im sorry, I don’t follow. ALL the T4 is converted to T3. Everyone knows that.
Patient: Did you know that there is genetic defect that alters the DI02 enzyme so that it doesn’t take an iodine atom from T4 to make T3?
GP: Lost me there I’m afraid.
Patient: The thyroid gland could be producing normal amounts of T4 and T3. If the DI02 enzyme isn’t working, say due to genetic defect, not enough T3 will be converted from T4 for the needs of the cells in the rest of the body. If the regular amount of T4 is produced TSH wont rise and won’t reflect the poor conversion of T4 to T3.
GP: Ah! I see.
Patient: By measuring T4 and T3 as well as TSH, could you work out if the T4 is being converted to T3?
GP: No.
Patient: Why not?
GP: Because we don’t measure T3. You must be suffering from a somatoform disorder.