Photoperiodic and circadian bifurcation theories of depression and mania

[helvella]

After mention of melatonin here, this popped up!

Version 1. F1000Res. 2015; 4: 107.

Published online 2015 May 6. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.6444.1

PMCID: PMC4490783

Photoperiodic and circadian bifurcation theories of depression and mania

Daniel F. Kripke,a,1 Jeffrey A. Elliott,1 David K. Welsh,1 and Shawn D. Youngstedt2

Author information ► Article notes ► Copyright and License information ►

See the article with doi: 10.12688/f1000research.6444.1.

Abstract

Seasonal effects on mood have been observed throughout much of human history. Seasonal changes in animals and plants are largely mediated through the changing photoperiod (i.e., the photophase or duration of daylight). We review that in mammals, daylight specifically regulates SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) circadian organization and its control of melatonin secretion. The timing of melatonin secretion interacts with gene transcription in the pituitary pars tuberalis to modulate production of TSH (thyrotropin), hypothalamic T3 (triiodothyronine), and tuberalin peptides which modulate pituitary production of regulatory gonadotropins and other hormones. Pituitary hormones largely mediate seasonal physiologic and behavioral variations. As a result of long winter nights or inadequate illumination, we propose that delayed morning offset of nocturnal melatonin secretion, suppressing pars tuberalis function, could be the main cause for winter depression and even cause depressions at other times of year. Irregularities of circadian sleep timing and thyroid homeostasis contribute to depression. Bright light and sleep restriction are antidepressant and conversely, sometimes trigger mania. We propose that internal desynchronization or bifurcation of SCN circadian rhythms may underlie rapid-cycling manic-depressive disorders and perhaps most mania. Much further research will be needed to add substance to these theories.

Keywords: depression, mania, bipolar disorder, circadian rhythm, suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), photoperiod, triiodothyronine (T3), thyrotropin (TSH)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl...

Full paper available.

[Hidden]

Yup. Turn bright lights on and pull back the curtains first thing in the morning.

Not that a teenager can be persuaded to do this.

[helvella Administrator Thyroid UK in reply to Hidden]

Not sure they have to do it themselves!