Molecular Characteristics of Patients With mCRPC Achieving Deep Responses to BAT
Clinical Genitourinary Cancer
Save Recommend Share Get Topic Alerts
TAKE-HOME MESSAGE
This study used data from three IRB-approved clinical trials to identify patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer who achieved a 70% or greater decline in PSA (extreme responders) while receiving bipolar androgen therapy (BAT). Out of 114 patients who were treated with BAT, 22 patients (19%) achieved ≥70% decline in PSA from baseline and were hence included in the study. Somatic next-generation sequencing was performed for 15 of these extreme responder patients. All patients had a pathogenic mutation in TP53 and/or a homologous recombination DNA repair gene. The median radiographic PFS of the extreme responders was 11.3 months.
This study found that the presence of a pathogenic mutation in TP53 and/or a homologous recombination DNA repair gene predicts a deep PSA response to BAT. BAT may be a viable treatment option for patients with this specific molecular profile who underwent previous heavy treatment.
– Kamal Sahu, MD
Abstract
This abstract is available on the publisher's site.
Access this abstract now Full Text Available for ClinicalKey Subscribers
BACKGROUND
Bipolar androgen therapy (BAT) is an emerging treatment strategy for men with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) whereby serum testosterone is cycled from supraphysiologic to near-castrate levels each month. BAT has been shown to induce clinical responses in a significant proportion of patients, some of which are extreme. We explored the clinical and molecular characteristics of patients with mCRPC who achieved deep responses to BAT.
METHODS
We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with mCRPC treated with BAT at Johns Hopkins. We identified 22 of 114 (19%) patients with mCRPC who achieved ≥70% PSA reductions upon treatment with BAT. All patients were treated using 400 mg testosterone cypionate intramuscularly every 28 days, together with continuous LHRH agonist therapy. Clinical-grade DNA sequencing was obtained using commercially available assays.
RESULTS
Somatic next-generation sequencing was obtained for 15 of 22 (68%) patients. Of these 15 extreme PSA responders with sequencing data available, All 15 of 15 (100%) harbored a pathogenic mutation in TP53 and/or a homologous recombination DNA repair (HRD) gene. Among the subset of patients with measureable disease (N = 15), 10 patients (67%) achieved an objective response including one patient with a complete response. The median radiographic progression-free survival of these deep PSA responders was 11.3 months (95% CI, 7.9-25.0 months).
CONCLUSIONS
We observed an enrichment of TP53 and HRD mutations in mCRPC patients with extreme PSA responses to BAT, with durability lasting about a year. These data support the hypothesis that BAT may most benefit patients with DNA repair-deficient mCRPC. Further studies of BAT in biomarker-selected mCRPC populations (ie, TP53/HRD-mutated) are warranted.
Written by
podsart
To view profiles and participate in discussions please or .
These RCTs might be of interest:14. RE-sensitizing With Supraphysiologic Testosterone to Overcome REsistance (The RESTORE Study) - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
This article was posted on the form not long ago, but since you prompted me to read it again the article got me thinking:
It seems that what it is implying is that having a TP53/HRD mutation is a necessary condition to be a super responder to BAT, but it doesn't address whether it is sufficient.
In other words, they found that the super responders all had TP53/HRD, but they didn't measure this in the rest of the population. So we don't know how many non-responders have these mutations and therefore what your chances are at being a super responder are if you know that you have TP53/HRD.
George, it’s done with a blood test. My brother went through foundation one. They can give you a list of mutations that you have. Usually you develop more mutations at a later stage. My brother always said he would do BAT as a last resort however by the time you have so many mutations it’s a real risk. He did have the TP 53 mutation. It makes me sad to think he may have been a super responder had he gone that route. I would definitely get your mutations checked and see if there is anything actionable that may work for you
I had dna/genes tested by three different oncologists but they so said i have nothing actionable. Would foundation one be more detailed than what they do at the top hospitals?George
I also have nothing "actionable" but they don't consider P53 to be "actionable" because there is not direct treatment that uses it. But it is suggestive of BAT success. But my point above is that we don't know whether all the other non-responders also had P53 because they only tested the responders.
Here is full paper as pre-print. Apologies for formatting problems. Note limitations of understanding of the subject group.cheers
Mark Emrys
ARTICLE IN PRESS
JID: CLGC [mNS;September 15, 2021;11:18]
Original Study
Molecular and Clinical Characterization of Patients With Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Achieving Deep Responses to Bipolar Androgen Therapy
Mark C. Markowski,1 Sushant Kachhap,1 Angelo M. De Marzo,2 Laura A. Sena,1 Jun Luo,3 Samuel R. Denmeade,1 Emmanuel S. Antonarakis1
Abstract
Bipolar androgen therapy (BAT) is a novel treatment strategy for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). We retrospectively identified patients with mCRPC that achieved deep PSA responses to BAT. All patients with available next-generation molecular sequencing harbored pathogenic mutations in TP53 and/or a homologous recombination DNA repair gene.
Background: Bipolar androgen therapy (BAT) is an emerging treatment strategy for men with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) whereby serum testosterone is cycled from supraphysiologic to near-castrate levels each month. BAT has been shown to induce clinical responses in a significant proportion of patients, some of which are extreme. We explored the clinical and molecular characteristics of patients with mCRPC who achieved deep responses to BAT. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with mCRPC treated with BAT at Johns Hopkins. We identified 22 of 114 (19%) patients with mCRPC who achieved ≥70% PSA reductions upon treatment with BAT. All patients were treated using 400 mg testosterone cypionate intramuscularly every 28 days, together with continuous LHRH agonist therapy. Clinical-grade DNA sequencing was obtained using commercially available assays. Results: Somatic next-generation sequencing was obtained for 15 of 22 (68%) patients. Of these 15 extreme PSA responders with sequencing data available, All 15 of 15 (100%) harbored a pathogenic mutation in TP53 and/or a homologous recom- bination DNA repair (HRD) gene. Among the subset of patients with measureable disease (N = 15), 10 patients (67%) achieved an objective response including one patient with a complete response. The median radiographic progression- free survival of these deep PSA responders was 11.3 months (95% CI, 7.9-25.0 months). Conclusions: We observed an enrichment of TP53 and HRD mutations in mCRPC patients with extreme PSA responses to BAT, with durability lasting about a year. These data support the hypothesis that BAT may most benefit patients with DNA repair-deficient mCRPC. Further studies of BAT in biomarker-selected mCRPC populations (ie, TP53/HRD-mutated) are warranted.
Keywords: Testosterone, DNA repair, Homologous recombination deficiency, Biomarker, Next-generation sequencing
Introduction
Bipolar androgen therapy (BAT) is emerging as a novel therapy for men with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer
Prior Presentation of Work: 2021 Genitourinary Cancers Symposium (GU ASCO).
1Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
2Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 3Department of Urology, Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
Submitted: Mar 22, 2021; Revised: May 14, 2021; Accepted: Aug 10, 2021; Epub: xxx
Address for correspondence: Mark C. Markowski, MD, PhD, Department of Oncol- ogy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Viragh Building, 9th floor 201 N Broadway Baltimore, MD 21287.
(mCRPC). Intramuscular injections of testosterone are adminis- tered every 28 days, resulting in rapid oscillations of circulating testosterone concentrations from supraphysiologic levels to near- castrate levels.1 Men are concurrently maintained on an LHRH agonist/antagonist to suppress endogenous testosterone production from the testes. Several clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of BAT as a treatment option for mCRPC patients, with acceptable toxicity.2-6
The rapid cycling of testosterone levels in preclinical models has been shown to induce DNA damage and genomic rearrangements such as TMPRSS2-ERG, which may provide insight into the mechanism of action.7-9 Enzalutamide-resistant, patient-derived xenograft models showed that clinical responses to BAT were due, in part, to suppression of the DNA damage response transcriptome.10
Clinical Genitourinary Cancer 2021 1
Please cite this article as: Mark C. Markowski et al, Molecular and Clinical Characterization of Patients With Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Achieving Deep Responses to Bipolar Androgen Therapy, Clinical Genitourinary Cancer, doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2021...
JID: CLGC
ARTICLE IN PRESS
[mNS;September 15, 2021;11:18]
In clinical practice, a durable response to BAT was observed in a patient with mCRPC who harbored an inactivating BRCA2 mutation.11 We hypothesized that patients who experience extreme clinical responses to BAT may have a predictive genomic signature. In this study, we interrogated the molecular profiles of tumors from mCRPC patients who achieved deep responses while on BAT.
Methods
We conducted a retrospective analysis of three IRB- approved clinical trials conducted at Johns Hopkins University (NCT02090114, NCT02286921, NCT03554317) between April 2014 and October 2019. Patients who achieved a 70% or greater decline in PSA while receiving BAT were included in the analysis, and were defined as extreme responders. All patients received intramuscular injections of 400mg testosterone cypionate every 28 days and were maintained on an LHRH agonist/antagonist. Patients were evaluated every 28 days with safety labs and PSA measurement. CT and bone scan imaging were obtained every 12 weeks. BAT was discontinued in the event of: 1. radiographic progression, 2. ≥25% rise in PSA from baseline for patients who did not have a decrease in PSA below baseline during BAT, or 3. per the treating physician’s discretion for patients who experienced a decrease in PSA from baseline. Clinical or radiographic progression was defined by RECIST 1.1 and Prostate Cancer Working Group 2 (PCWG2) guidelines.
Radiographic progression-free survival (rPFS) on BAT was defined as the time from initiation of BAT therapy to the time of investigator-assessed radiographic progression (defined by RECIST 1.1 and PCWG2). Clinical-grade targeted DNA sequenc- ing was performed using commercially available assays (Personal Genome Diagnostics, Foundation One, Caris Life Sciences) on the primary tumor or circulating tumor DNA. These gene panels included homologous recombination DNA repair (HRD) genes: BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, CHEK2, BARD1, ARID1A, NBN, RAD50, RAD51C, RAD51D, PALB2, MRE11, FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, FANCI, FANCL, FANCM.
Results
In total, 114 patients with mCRPC were treated with BAT within a clinical trial at Johns Hopkins during this time period. 19% (N = 22/114) of these patients achieved a 70% or greater decline in PSA from baseline upon treatment with BAT. The clinical and pathologic characteristics of these patients are shown in Table 1. The majority of patients had Gleason 8 or higher disease (59.1%) and prior treatment with one or more novel AR-targeted therapies (81.8%). Most patients did not have prior treatment with a taxane chemotherapy (90.9%).
Fifteen of 22 deep PSA responders (68.2%) had available somatic DNA sequencing data. Of these patients, 100% (N = 15/15) harbored a pathogenic mutation in TP53 and/or a HRD gene. BRCA2 and TP53 were the two most frequently mutated genes in this cohort (Table 2). ATM, ARID1A and BARD1 mutations were also observed. One patient was identified as having an inactivating ARID1A mutation without a concomitant TP53. A list of specific mutations is provided (Supplemental Table 1).
2 Clinical Genitourinary Cancer 2021
Table 1
Baseline Patient Pathologic and Clinical Character- istics
Baseline Characteristics
Age (years)
Median
(Range)
Gleason sum at diagnosis, N (%)
≤7 8
9 10
Baseline PSA (ng/mL)
Median
(Range)
Lines of prior novel AR targeted therapy, N (%)
0 1 2
Prior taxane chemotherapy, N (%)
Yes
No
NGS mutation profile, N (%)
TP53 and/or HRD Unknown
N = 22
70.5 (51-84)
9 (40.9%) 2 (9.1%) 8 (36.4%) 3 (13.6%)
41.1 (2.4-366)
4 (18.2%) 9 (40.9%) 9 (40.9%)
2 (9.1%) 20 (90.9%)
15 (68.2%) 7 (31.8%)
AR = androgen receptor; HRD = homologous recombination DNA repair gene; N = number of patients; NGS = next-generation sequencing; PSA = prostate-specific antigen.
Table 2
List of observed mutated genes in extreme respon- der cohort.
The PSA response to BAT of these extreme responders is shown as a waterfall plot in Figure 1A. 59% (N = 13/22) of patients achieved a ≥90% decrease in PSA. Two patients (one BRCA2-mutated, one with unknown mutation status) had complete biochemical responses. In this cohort, 15 patients had measureable soft-tissue disease. The observed objective response rate was 66.7% (N = 10/15; Figure 1B). One patient harboring a BRCA2 mutation achieved a completed objective response. The median rPFS of the extreme responder cohort was estimated at 11.3 months (95% CI: 7.9-25.0 months) (Figure 2). Three patients were free from radio- graphic progression for over two years.
Discussion
Preclinical data suggest that supraphysiologic levels of testos- terone can engage the androgen receptor, resulting in:
Please cite this article as: Mark C. Markowski et al, Molecular and Clinical Characterization of Patients With Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Achieving Deep Responses to Bipolar Androgen Therapy, Clinical Genitourinary Cancer, doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2021...
JID: CLGC
[mNS;September 15, 2021;11:18]
Mark C. Markowski et al
Best PSA and objective responses in mCRPC patients treated with BAT, stratified by mutational profile. (A) Twenty-two (22) mCRPC patients were observed to have a PSA decline of 70% or greater. Fifteen of the 15 patients with molecular testing information had a TP53 and/or HRD mutation (B) Best change in target lesions in 15 mCRPC patients with a deep PSA response on BAT is shown. Ten of 15 patients achieved an objective response on BAT. TP53 mutated – Red, HRD mutated – Blue, TP53/HRD mutated – Black, Unknown - White.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Figure 1
1. inhibitionofDNArelicensingduringcellcycleprogression 2. creation of double-stranded DNA breaks and
3. induction of genomic rearrangements.7,12,13
We speculated that an impaired underlying DNA repair mecha- nism may predispose mCRPC patients to extreme responses to BAT. We retrospectively identified those patients with mCRPC who achieved a PSA decline of 70% or more to BAT, in order to better characterize their clinical and molecular features. Interestingly, the majority of these extreme responders were identified as having inactivating BRCA2 and/or TP53 mutations. Somatic and germline mutations in BRCA2 and other HRD genes in men with metastatic prostate cancer are well documented, and have been associated with clinical benefit to PARP inhibitors in these patients.14 Studies also implicate ARID1A in maintaining genomic stability through protecting telomere cohesion as well as repair of double stranded DNA breaks, perhaps explaining the response to BAT observed in our ARID1A-altered patient.15 , 16 TP53 also has a key role in cellu- lar DNA repair through its multiple functions as a master regula- tor.17 Our data suggest a preliminary association between impaired
DNA repair response and favorable BAT activity. Prospective data of BAT in a biomarker-selected mCRPC population (ie, HRD or TP53 mutated) is warranted. Moreover, these data support investi- gation of combining BAT with PARP inhibitors, which may impair DNA repair in the absence of HRD mutations and induce synthetic lethality with BAT. Results of an ongoing trial studying this combi- nation therapy are eagerly awaited (NCT03516812).
TP53 mutations in prostate cancer generally confer a poor prognosis due, in part, to poor responses to AR-targeted therapies.18 When observed in concert with PTEN or RB1 alterations, TP53 mutations may drive the development of AR-indifferent and/or neuroendocrine prostate cancer through a process called lineage plasticity.19 Given the dramatic response to BAT observed here in patients with TP53-mutated prostate cancer, we hypothesize that BAT may delay or reverse differentiation to the neuroendocrine phenotype. To this end, we are prospectively studying BAT in mCRPC patients who have at least two of the three following mutations: TP53, PTEN, RB1 (NCT02090114). A second trial (NCT03522064) is examining the role of BAT in mCRPC patients with HRD mutations. These data will be key to understanding the
Clinical Genitourinary Cancer 2021 3
Please cite this article as: Mark C. Markowski et al, Molecular and Clinical Characterization of Patients With Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Achieving Deep Responses to Bipolar Androgen Therapy, Clinical Genitourinary Cancer, doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2021...
JID: CLGC
ARTICLE IN PRESS
[mNS;September 15, 2021;11:18]
Figure 2
Radiographic progression-free survival in mCRPC patients with extreme clinical response to bipolar androgen therapy. Kaplan-Meier estimate of radiographic progression-free survival (rPFS) in mCRPC patients treated with BAT. The median rPFS is estimated at 11.3 months (95% confidence interval: 7.9-25.0 months). 95% confidence interval showed in shaded area.
potential association between response to BAT and HRD and/or TP53 mutations.
There are several limitations to this analysis. First, this is a retro- spective study of a small number of highly selected patients. Thus, prospective data are needed to confirm these findings, and such prospective trials are ongoing (NCT02090114, NCT03522064). Second, several patients in this analysis did not have molecular testing as part of their routine clinical care. It is possible that additional DNA sequencing would have shown less frequent TP53 and/or HRD mutations among these extreme responders. Third, this is a heterogeneous population with respect to prior therapies. Clinical response to BAT may have been affected by the number and type of prior treatments received, such as the number of AR-targeted therapies or exposure to chemotherapy. Fourth, we have not system- atically examined the molecular features of BAT non-responders, nor have we compared clinical outcomes to BAT in patients with and without TP53 and/or HRD mutations. Thus, it is theoretically possible that the prevalence of these mutations may be just as high in the non-responding patients. However as a point of comparison, somatic mutations in HRD genes and/or TP53 occurred in only 247 of 429 patients (58%) with metastatic CRPC in the SU2C/PCF dream team cohort as determined through cBioPortal.20 , 21 Lastly, we do not know loss-of-heterozygosity status of the genes of inter- est in the study. Determining true biallelic vs. monoallelic inacti- vation would be helpful to determine the predictive nature of our findings.
These preliminary data suggest an enrichment of TP53 and HRD mutations among men with mCRPC achieving extreme responses to BAT, supporting prior preclinical studies.8 These retrospective data are now being confirmed in biomarker-selected prospective clinical trial that are likely to shed further light on the working hypothesis
4 Clinical Genitourinary Cancer 2021
that supraphysiologic androgens may exert their effect on prostate cancer through AR-mediated DNA damage.
Clinical Practice Points
As BAT becomes more commonplace in the treatment of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), further study will be needed to identify a biomarker of response.
We know that the PSA response rate to BAT is 20-25% in a heavily pretreated population. Preclinical data suggest that impaired DNA repair may enrich for response to BAT. Preliminary clinical studies have also shown this to be the case.
In our study, all patients with mCRPC that achieved a deep PSA response to BAT harbored a pathogenic mutation in TP53 and/or a homologous recombination DNA repair gene. This finding may direct clinicians when considering BAT as a treatment option for patients with advanced mCRPC that are asymptomatic and have a specific molecular profile. Our study should also inform future clinical trials involving BAT.
Credit Author Statement
Mark C. Markowski – Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal Analysis, Writing – Original Draft; Sushant Kachhap – Method- ology, Formal Analysis, Writing – Review and Editing; Angelo M. De Marzo – Methodology, Resources, Writing – Review and Editing, Supervision; Laura A. Sena – Methodology, Writing – Review and Editing; Jun Luo – Resources, Writing – Review and Editing, Supervision; Samuel R. Denmeade – Resources, Writing – Review and Editing, Supervision, Funding Acquisition; Emmanuel S. Antonarakis – Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Writing – Review and Editing, Supervision, Funding Acquisition.
Please cite this article as: Mark C. Markowski et al, Molecular and Clinical Characterization of Patients With Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Achieving Deep Responses to Bipolar Androgen Therapy, Clinical Genitourinary Cancer, doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2021...
JID: CLGC
[mNS;September 15, 2021;11:18]
Mark C. Markowski et al
7. Haffner MC, Aryee MJ, Toubaji A, et al. Androgen-induced TOP2B-mediated double-strand breaks and prostate cancer gene rearrangements. Nat Genet. 2010;42:668–675.
8. Bastus NC, Boyd LK, Mao X, et al. Androgen-induced TMPRSS2:ERG fusion in nonmalignant prostate epithelial cells. Cancer Res. 2010;70:9544–9548.
9. Chatterjee P, Schweizer MT, Lucas JM, et al. Supraphysiological androgens suppress prostate cancer growth through androgen receptor-mediated DNA damage. J Clin Invest. 2019:130.
10. Lam HM, Nguyen HM, Labrecque MP, et al. Durable response of enzalu- tamide-resistant prostate cancer to supraphysiological testosterone is associated with a multifaceted growth suppression and impaired DNA damage response transcriptomic program in patient-derived xenografts. Eur Urol. 2020;77:144–155.
11. Teply BA, Kachhap S, Eisenberger MA, Denmeade SR. Extreme response to high-dose testosterone in BRCA2- and ATM-mutated prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2017;71:499.
12. Litvinov IV, Vander Griend DJ, Antony L, et al. Androgen receptor as a licensing factor for DNA replication in androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2006;103:15085–15090 U S A.
13. Vander Griend DJ, Litvinov IV, Isaacs JT. Stabilizing androgen receptor in mitosis inhibits prostate cancer proliferation. Cell Cycle. 2007;6:647–651.
14. Mateo J, Carreira S, Sandhu S, et al. DNA-repair defects and olaparib in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:1697–1708.
15. ZhaoB,LinJ,RongL,etal.ARID1Apromotesgenomicstabilitythroughprotect- ing telomere cohesion. Nat Commun. 2019;10:4067.
16. Shen J, Peng Y, Wei L, et al. ARID1A deficiency impairs the DNA damage check- point and sensitizes cells to PARP inhibitors. Cancer Discov. 2015;5:752–767.
pation of p53 protein in the cellular response to DNA damage. Cancer Res.
1991;51:6304–6311.
18. Maughan BL, Guedes LB, Boucher K, et al. p53 status in the primary tumor
predicts efficacy of subsequent abiraterone and enzalutamide in castration-resistant
prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2018;21:260–268.
19. Aparicio AM, Shen L, Tapia EL, et al. Combined tumor suppressor defects characterize clinically defined aggressive variant prostate cancers. Clin Cancer Res.
2016;22:1520–1530.
20. Abida W, Cyrta J, Heller G, et al. Genomic correlates of clinical outcome in
advanced prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019;116:11428–11436.
21. Cerami E, Gao J, Dogrusoz U, et al. The cBio cancer genomics portal: an open platform for exploring multidimensional cancer genomics data. Cancer Discov.
2012;2:401–404.
Disclosure
The authors have stated that they have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
The project was supported by the Sidney Kimmel Comprehen- sive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins NIH grant P30 CA006973, R01 CA184012, Department of Defense (W81XWH1910724) and a PCF Young Investigator Award. The content is solely the respon- sibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Cancer Institute or the National Institutes of Health.
Supplementary materials
Supplementary material associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.clgc.2021.08.001.
References
1. Denmeade SR, Isaacs JT. Bipolar androgen therapy: the rationale for rapid cycling of supraphysiologic androgen/ablation in men with castration resistant prostate cancer. Prostate. 2010;70:1600–1607.
2. Schweizer MT, Antonarakis ES, Wang H, et al. Effect of bipolar androgen therapy for asymptomatic men with castration-resistant prostate cancer: results from a pilot clinical study. Sci Transl Med. 2015;7 269ra262.
3. Schweizer MT, Wang H, Luber B, et al. Bipolar androgen therapy for men with androgen ablation naive prostate cancer: results from the phase II BATMAN study. Prostate.2016;76:1218-1226.
4. Teply BA, Wang H, Luber B, et al. Bipolar androgen therapy in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer after progression on enzalutamide: an open-label, phase 2, multicohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19:76–86.
5. Markowski MC, Wang H, Sullivan R, et al. A multicohort open-label phase II trial of bipolar androgen therapy in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (RESTORE): a comparison of post-abiraterone versus post-enzalutamide cohorts. Eur Urol. 2020;79:692–699.
6. Denmeade SR, Wang H, Agarwal N, et al. TRANSFORMER: a randomized phase II study comparing bipolar androgen therapy versus enzalutamide in asymp- tomatic men with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39:1371–1382.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Clinical Genitourinary Cancer 2021 5
Please cite this article as: Mark C. Markowski et al, Molecular and Clinical Characterization of Patients With Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer Achieving Deep Responses to Bipolar Androgen Therapy, Clinical Genitourinary Cancer, doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2021...
Content on HealthUnlocked does not replace the relationship between you and doctors or other healthcare professionals nor the advice you receive from them.
Never delay seeking advice or dialling emergency services because of something that you have read on HealthUnlocked.
Now Undetectable PSA on BAT Regimen
Clinical Trial Dallas UT Southwestern 
