I suspect quite a few people have questioned whether lithium could be used in Graves treatment. The answer, in this paper, appears to be yes.
The paper quotes a case in which lithium was used for a month. Obviously, longer treatment periods would tend to show more issues. Nonetheless, there is hope that it could be used at least when carbimazole (they use the very similar methimazole in the USA) and/or propylthiouracil are not tolerated.
Case Report
Lithium as an Alternative Option in Graves Thyrotoxicosis
Ishita Prakash, Eric Sixtus Nylen, and Sabyasachi Sen
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical Faculty Associates, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
Received 30 June 2015; Revised 25 August 2015; Accepted 26 August 2015
Academic Editor: Takeshi Usui
Copyright © 2015 Ishita Prakash et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
A 67-year-old woman was admitted with signs and symptoms of Graves thyrotoxicosis. Biochemistry results were as follows: TSH was undetectable; FT4 was >6.99 ng/dL (0.7–1.8); FT3 was 18 pg/mL (3–5); TSI was 658% (0–139). Thyroid uptake and scan showed diffusely increased tracer uptake in the thyroid gland. The patient was started on methimazole 40 mg BID, but her LFTs elevated precipitously with features of fulminant hepatitis. Methimazole was determined to be the cause and was stopped. After weighing pros and cons, lithium was initiated to treat her persistent thyrotoxicosis. Lithium 300 mg was given daily with a goal to maintain between 0.4 and 0.6. High dose Hydrocortisone and propranolol were also administered concomitantly. Free thyroid hormone levels decreased and the patient reached a biochemical and clinical euthyroid state in about 8 days. Though definitive RAI was planned, the patient has been maintained on lithium for more than a month to control her hyperthyroidism. Trial removal of lithium results in reemergence of thyrotoxicosis within 24 hours. Patient was maintained on low dose lithium treatment with lithium level just below therapeutic range which was sufficient to maintain euthyroid state for more than a month. There were no signs of lithium toxicity within this time period.
Conclusion. Lithium has a unique physiologic profile and can be used to treat thyrotoxicosis when thionamides cannot be used while awaiting elective radioablation. Lithium levels need to be monitored; however, levels even at subtherapeutic range may be sufficient to treat thyrotoxicosis.
Full paper freely available here:
Hamburger thyrotoxicosis
Factitious thyrotoxicosis
Graves disease antibodies 
Lithium for Depression
