Imagine you have to appeal to UT based on an "error of law", see if you can figure out what an error of law is. Does anyone even know what the law is?
Below is some info I have copied from a website which should help you to do this. Get practicing because you may have to do it for real soon.
1. The Upper Tribunal
The Upper Tribunal is part of the Administrative Appeals Chamber within the Ministry of Justice and it decides appeals from decisions of the FTT in social security, tax credits, child trust fund, child support maintenance, housing benefit and council tax benefit cases. All tribunals are chaired by judges.
The name Upper Tribunal applies in Great Britain while in Northern Ireland the UT and the UT judges are known as the Commissioners. The UT is independent of the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP), HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) and local authorities. UT decisions (and Commissioners decisions as they were known up to 2008) set legal precedent: their interpretation of the law and their reasoning must be followed by FTTs and decision-makers.
The only ground for appealing to the UT against the FTT decision is that the FTT has made an 'error of law'. Both the benefit claimant and the decision-maker can appeal to the UT.
Outcomes of an appeal to the Upper Tribunal
The UT can do any of the following:
if it finds that a FTT decision is wrong in law it can give the decision that the FTT should have given - if it can do so without making fresh or further findings of fact; or
it can make fresh or further findings of fact, and then give a decision; or
if there aren't enough findings of fact, and it doesn't make new findings, it can refer the case to a new FTT. It may give directions to the new tribunal to make sure the error of law is not repeated.
There is a quicker procedure: if both you and the decision-maker agree on an outcome, the UT can set aside the FTT's decision by consent.
The appeal process can take several months and may not be successful. Always think about making a fresh claim if the FTT refused benefit, or asking for a supersession if it awarded benefit at a lower rate than expected.
2. The FTT’s decision
At the end of most FTT hearings, the judge hands a 'summary notice' of the FTT’s decision to both parties. If the appeal was decided on paper without a hearing, or the FTT cannot come to a decision immediately, the summary notice is posted to both parties as soon as practicable.
Because the summary decision only states the FTT’s decision in brief, you are not allowed to appeal to the UT without first obtaining the FTT’s 'statement of reasons' - except in exceptional circumstances, for example where the Court and Tribunal Service (CTS) cannot produce a statement of reasons.
You must ask for the statement of reasons in writing within one month of the summary notice being given or posted - although the FTT has power to extend this.
The record of proceedings
When you receive the statement of reasons you should also receive the FTT’s 'record of proceedings', which are the FTT’s notes of what happened during the hearing. These can help establish grounds for appeal. If you do not receive the record ask the CTS to send it to you.
3. Asking the FTT for leave to appeal
To appeal to the UT you must first ask the FTT itself for leave (permission) to appeal.
The application for leave must be received by the CTS within one month of the date that the FTT’s statement of reasons was posted to you.
Write a letter stating why you think the decision was legally wrong and what result you seek. Head it 'Application for permission to appeal to the Upper Tribunal'. Make a copy, and send it to the clerk to the tribunal with copies of the tribunal's decision notice and its statement of reasons.
If there is no statement of reasons, the tribunal has discretion to treat the application as a request for one. An application can only be allowed without a statement of reasons if the tribunal thinks it is in the interests of justice to do so.
Reviewing the decision
On receiving your application for permission to appeal, the FTT can review its decision. In particular, the FTT can:
correct an accidental error in the decision;
amend the reasons for the decision; or
set aside the decision.
A tribunal may treat an application for a decision to be corrected, set aside or reviewed, or for permission to appeal against a decision, as an application for any other of these outcomes.
The tribunal must write to ask each party if it has any comments before it changes its decision following a review. If it sets aside the decision, it must make a new decision or order a rehearing.
You must be sent a notification of any new or amended decision. If you think that the new or amended decision contains an error of law, you have one month from the date that the notification is sent to ask again for permission to appeal to the Upper Tribunal.
If the FTT sets aside its decision
If the FTT sets aside its decision, a new FTT made up of different members is arranged that will hear the appeal afresh.
If the FTT grants leave to appeal
When the FTT sends you written notice granting leave to appeal, you must give written notice of appeal to the UT on form UT1 within one month. Form UT1 is sent with the FTT notice and is on the justice.gov.uk website (see 4 below).
If the FTT refuses leave to appeal
When the FTT sends you written notice refusing leave to appeal, you can apply direct to the UT for leave to appeal within one month on form UT1 (see 4 below).
4. Asking the UT for leave to appeal
Form UT1 (see above) asks for your main grounds for appeal and you can either set them out again or attach your application for leave to the FTT and refer to it. You can give additional grounds if you wish.
If the UT grants leave to appeal, you will receive a written notice telling you this. Your appeal then moves to the next stage of the process: see 5 After leave is granted below.
If the UT refuses leave to appeal you cannot normally appeal again - but see 11. Further appeal below.
Along with your form UT1, you must send:
a copy of the FTT decision notice
a copy of the FTT written statement of reasons
the FTT letter granting or refusing permission to appeal
a copy of any funding notice or legal aid certificate (see 12. Legal Aid below),
a copy of any Appointment to Act (if someone is acting on your behalf).
Note: Form UT1 is for the use of claimants. Form UT2 is for the use of DWP decision-makers. The forms are at justice.gov.uk/guidance/cou....
5. After leave is granted
You will be given a hearing date. Whether it will be an oral hearing depends on whether you ask for one or the DWP decision-maker asks for one or the UT judge requires one. If not, the appeal is decided on the paperwork alone - and most of them are. As the UT has only limited power to investigate the facts, no new evidence needs to be heard or examined. It is usually possible for the UT to determine whether a legal error has occurred by considering written arguments alone.
Appeals that are particularly complex or could establish an important legal precedent can be decided at an oral hearing.
6. Paper appeals
The UT obtains copies of the appeal papers from the Courts and Tribunal Service. The party who did not appeal is sent a copy of the application for leave and asked to make a submission within a set time. A copy of this submission is sent to the party who appealed. Further submissions are sent between parties until neither has further comment. The appeal is then put before a UT judge to be decided on the papers.
The UT judge who will decide the appeal can order the parties to make further submissions as s/he thinks necessary.
Once the UT has enough information, it will make a decision and send a written copy of that decision to the parties.
7. Oral hearings
If the UT agrees to (or orders) an oral hearing, both parties are asked to submit skeleton arguments in advance. The judge (or in complex cases, a tribunal of three judges) who will decide the appeal will examine the arguments and may ask for further submissions.
At the hearing each party is asked in turn to argue their case, with the appellant (the party that made the appeal) going first. The judge can ask questions on any point at any time. At the end each party sums up their case.
The UT will rarely announce its decision at the end of the hearing, but will usually reserve judgment and send each party a written decision.
8. Grounds for appeal
There is only one ground of appeal to the UT, which is that the FTT made an 'error of law'. This term covers a wider range of errors than many people first imagine. The FTT's statement of reasons must show that it:
applied the law correctly
made correct factual findings
gave adequate reasons for its decision
made the decision in the correct way
obeyed the rules of natural justice
A failure to do any of these can constitute an error of law.
Much case law, from both the UT and the higher courts, concerns errors of law in FTT decisions, including the following:
I. applying the wrong law – for example where the FTT used the wrong legislation, misunderstood the legislation or overlooked relevant case law.
II. making incorrect factual findings – To make a decision the FTT must decide what the facts are and not take into account irrelevant facts.
III. giving inadequate reasons – The FTT must explain its decision: it must explain how the evidence established the facts and why the facts made it apply the law in the way it did.
IV. making a decision that is not supported by the evidence – for example where the FTT ignored or overlooked evidence, misinterpreted evidence, took into account irrelevant evidence or made a decision that does follow logically from the evidence.
V. making a decision that is ‘perverse’ – where the FTT acted irrationally and in a way that no reasonable FTT, given the relevant law and the evidence before it and the findings of fact, could have come to the decision that it did.
VI. breach of ‘the rules natural justice – This includes failing to follow FTT procedure, for example failing to give parties 14 days’ notice of an oral appeal hearing or failing to inform parties that it intends to take into account a matter not addressed in the appeal papers or during the hearing. It also includes failure to follow the procedural rules for all judicial process, for example bias or not allowing a party to speak.
9. Finding grounds for an appeal
Some appeals to FTTs are made solely because the claimant disagrees with the DWP’s interpretation of the law and the FTT decides whose interpretation it prefers. In these appeals identifying the potential error of law can be relatively straightforward – the legal argument that failed before the FTT is restated to the UT, but now also addresses any alternative interpretation that arose during the course of the appeal.
Most appeals however are not primarily about bare legal interpretation. In these cases, identifying potential errors of law involves a careful study of the law, the evidence (including oral evidence from the hearing), the FTT statement of reasons and how the hearing was conducted.
The FTT statement of reasons must adequately explain how it reached its decision. An oft-quoted Commissioners’ decision states that:
“the minimum requirement must at least be that the claimant looking at the decision should be able to discern on the face of it why the evidence has failed to satisfy the authority.” (R(A)1/72).
Potentially, anything less is an error of law.
An ideal FTT statement of reasons will:
state the legislation that applies to the question under appeal and establish whether case law helps its interpretation. If case law is contradictory, the FTT will explain why it chose to follow a particular case – for instance it may fit the facts of this appeal more closely;
state the relevant facts of the case. It will say what evidence it used to establish the facts;
include a discussion of the evidence. If evidence is contradictory it will explain why it thought one set of evidence more credible than another;
explain why applying the law to the facts it found produced the outcome stated in the decision.
Compare the FTT’s reasons with the case papers, its record of proceedings and your own notes or memory of what happened in the FTT. Do the reasons adequately explain how the FTT came to its decision? If not, what is missing? Try to express anything that is missing in terms of grounds I to VI above – if you can do so, you may have established an error of law that is grounds for an appeal.
10 Setting out grounds for appeal
There is no set structure for setting out your grounds for appeal. The key is to set out your grounds logically, explaining clearly why you think the FTT’s decision is defective. Make sure your request for leave contains your name and address, date of birth, national insurance number and appeal reference number.
You can appeal to the UT on more than one ground. If you the think that the decision has more than one legal error, set out each error separately under its own heading.
Number your pages and paragraphs so that you, the other party and the UT can refer to your arguments quickly and easily.
11. Further appeal
If the UT refuses leave to appeal you may
apply to the Upper Tribunal for a decision on an appeal to be set aside on certain limited procedural grounds, or
appeal to the Court of Appeal against the decision of Upper Tribunal.
For more information see the justice.gov.uk website.
12. Legal aid and legal costs at tribunals
It is possible to get legal aid for Upper Tribunal hearings. (Legal aid helps people pay for the cost of getting legal advice. You must meet certain conditions to be eligible for legal aid, including being on a low income.) From 1 April 2013 you will not be able to get legal aid for most cases about welfare benefits, nor for most cases about employment, housing and debt, but there are important exceptions. For welfare benefits, the exceptions include appeals in the Upper Tribunal and higher courts. For more information about this see our website page on the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012.
You won’t have to pay any costs or fees when you appeal to the Upper Tribunal. Costs or fees apply from July 2013 in Employment Tribunals but they are quite separate from the Administrative Appeals Chamber where the Upper Tribunal belongs.
13 The Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA)
The Human Rights Act (HRA) and the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) set out various rights that may give you grounds for appeal. An example is Article 6 - The Right to a Fair Trial. This gives you the right to an independent and impartial hearing of your case. There is more information in Factsheet F1 - human rights act.
14. Judicial review
Judicial review is a type of court proceeding in which a judge looks at the lawfulness of a decision or action made by a public body, such as a tribunal. In other words, judicial reviews look at the way in which a decision has been made, rather than the rights and wrongs of the conclusion reached. It is possible to challenge a FTT decision by seeking a judicial review in the UT (but not if you have a right of appeal to the UT anyway).We recommend that you seek specialist advice about judicial review because there are strict time limits and you can be liable for legal costs and there are differences between England and Wales and Scotland and Northern Ireland.
Tribunal decision
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Fitness to work tests........Sick Joke as printed in Private Eye.
ESA & PIP - IMPORTANT to KNOW HOW 
