Invasive and non‐invasive brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: Clinical effects and future perspectives

[Farooqji]

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) can improve motor symptoms in moderate to advanced PD. However, the optimal stimulation paradigm for non‐motor symptoms, freezing of gait and the optimal timing of DBS are still under investigations. The findings of pathological oscillations and abnormal frequency to amplitude coupling provide models to develop adaptive DBS. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) revealed abnormal cortical excitability and plasticity in PD. Consecutive sessions of high frequency, repetitive TMS on the motor cortex showed promising results.

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