EBV is a very common latent virus (up to 95% prevalence) and has been linked to autoimmune diseases and inflammation. PD may be an autoimmune disease. Seeing what things tamper down EBV.
Inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by dietary sulforaphane 2013 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/226...
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been associated with several human malignancies including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Reactivation of latent EBV has been considered to contribute to the carcinogenesis of NPC. Blocking the EBV lytic cycle has been shown effective in the treatment of EBV-associated diseases. We have searched for natural dietary compounds inhibiting EBV reactivation in NPC cells. Among them, sulforaphane (SFN) was found to be effective in the inhibition of EBV reactivation in latent EBV-positive NPC cells, NA and HA. SFN is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor and has been recognized as an antioxidant and antitumor compound for chemoprevention. However, its antiviral effect is less well elucidated. In this study, after determination of the cytotoxicity of SFN on various epithelial cells, we showed that SFN treatment inhibits EBV reactivation, rather than induction, by detection of EBV lytic gene expression in EBV-positive NPC cells. We also determined that the number of cells supporting the EBV lytic cycle is decreased using immunofluorescence and flow cytometric analysis. Moreover, we have found that this inhibitory effect decreases virus production. To elucidate the inhibitory mechanism of SFN on the EBV lytic cycle, luciferase reporter assays were carried out on the Zta and Rta promoters. The results show that SFN inhibits transactivation activity of the EBV immediate-early gene Rta but not Zta. Together, our results suggest that SFN has the capability to inhibit EBV lytic cycle and the potential to be taken as a dietary compound for prevention of EBV reactivation.
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A high number of studies carried out over the years have indicated that apigenin has many interesting pharmacological activities and nutraceutical potential. As an example, its properties as an antioxidant are well known, and it can also be a therapeutic agent to overcome diseases like inflammation, autoimmune, neurodegenerative disease, and even several types of cancers.
Does Oral Apigenin Have Real Potential for a Therapeutic Effect in the Context of Human Gastrointestinal and Other Cancers? 2021 frontiersin.org/articles/10...
I copied this from an Amazon review of Swanson Apigenin:
This extract is found in celery, chamomile and grapefruit. It is not very bioavailable and little has been done to test improvements on this. Black pepper extract may help, so might certain oils or fats. Apigenin is lipid soluble. According to some research, bioavailability of apigenin may be limited to 11mg per 100mg. This bottle contains capsules 50mg each, meaning two may get you 11mg at most.
Apigenin is found in chamomile tea, so simply drinking more of this at night may accomplish the same goal, though it is currently unknown just how much apigenin is in any one glass of tea, much less how much of it is absorbed.
Apigenin is actually gaining popularity because of the possibility that it may inhibit CD38, a major NAD+ consumer which increases with age, causing the noted depletion of NAD+. For more info on NAD+ just google it. Rise in CD38 may be due to any number of factors further upstream, such as inflammation. Take care that your diet is not inflammatory first. Depending on your age, diet and other factors you may notice different results with this product. That said, rather than taking NAD+ precursors, this may be a better, and relatively cheaper alternative. Until studies show us more, or until recent drugs targeting CD38 pass phase III trials, this is all we have.
Swanson is currently the only vendor selling apigenin extract. Previous labels claimed it was standardized to 96%. The new label mentions nothing about this. Swanson, subject to UK regulation, is still hit or miss on Labdoor and analysis on this product has never been done. You may or may not be getting the real deal.
Preclinical evidence suggests strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-neoplastic effects, but no clinical trials have directly tested apigenin; it is generally safe, but may interfere with drug metabolism.
Neuroprotective Benefit: No clear evidence in humans yet, but preclinical studies suggest apigenin has pro-cognitive, neuroprotective, neurogenic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects.
Aging and related health concerns: Many preclinical studies have shown potential for
protection against cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, but observational studies in humans are mixed, and no clinical trials have specifically tested apigenin.
Safety: Apigenin is abundant in some vegetables and herbs and is considered safe, but excessive amounts may cause drug interactions due to inhibition of CYP2C9, an enzyme responsible for metabolism of many drugs.
Conversely, incubation with N-acetylcysteine, an oxygen-free radical scavenger, reduced EBV reactivation, demonstrating the role of OS in promoting the EBV lytic cycle. In addition, curcumin, a known antioxidant polyphenol derived from Curcuma longa with antitumor and antioxidant properties, inhibited the proliferation of EBV-positive NPC cells by decreasing the expression of EBNA1 [213]. In fact, there is evidence that this natural compound rescues tumor cells from epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), suggesting a potential therapeutic utility [214, 215]. Other natural compounds such as cucurbitane glycosides from the fruits of Siraitia grosvenorii (monk fruit) showed inhibitory effects on EBV reactivation (Figure (Figure2).2). Importantly, the flavonoid apigenin suppressed the activity of the EBV Zp and Rp promoters, as demonstrated by reporter assays. In particular, a region between -134 to -51 within the Zp for Sp1/Sp3, MEF2D, ATF-1, ATF-2 and CREB binding, was required for apigenin inhibition [216]. Thus, apigenin may be a potential dietary compound for prevention of EBV reactivation.
Dude, are you aware that every time you make a comment it bumps your thread to the top of the "feed", and that this is quite annoying for some of us that read the forum using that feature but don't necessarily want to read every single thought you have on PD (or in this case, not even PD)?
Perhaps you could edit your comments to include new info rather than making new ones?
Yes! I so wish the default setting was "recently active", or that at least you could set that as your default setting. Adding to old posts is almost like not posting at all.
The "my feed" icon is basically the traditional forum method of listing threads (in order of contributions, with the most recent coming first). It does consolidate the communities you are in so if you are in multiple, they will all appear in there. You can add a comment to a thread from a decade ago and it will rise to the top of that list.
I find the sulforaphane, Epstein-Barr, autoimmune connection interesting. I am also very curious about fixing our inflammatory response to viruses, diseases and the like.
Good question. I just want to add that the research I have read is on specifically Lactobacillus casei Shirota. That is the Yakult brand and is at my local Meijers. This is the same probiotic they used in the PD study showing it improved bowel movements.
Thank you for asking! It reminded me the the EBV effect of SFN.
There are plenty of ways to get sulforaphane. The good supplements are expensive. I sprout broccoli seeds and daikon radish seeds and blend the sprouts in a smoothie. You can also get freeze dried broccoli sprouts on Amazon. There is also a group here making broccoli seed tea. Search HU for broccoli and you will find plenty of information.
You can also join the Zoom calls Marc hosts on the weekend and get lots of in person advice on SFN. Just message me for the Zoom info or for more questions about SFN.
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