New "Umbrella" study [1].
A few years ago I joked that we now had more PCa-coffee meta-analyses than original studies. What we really needed was a meta-analysis of the meta-analyses. That, apparently, is what an umbrella study is.
"The umbrella review identified 201 meta-analyses of observational research with 67 unique health outcomes and 17 meta-analyses of interventional research with nine unique outcomes."
Note: In a meta-analysis, the authors get to include the studies that meet whatever criteria they have set, & exclude the rest. There is a loss of detail, but one ends up with a meaningful gist, assuming that there was no bias. Sometimes, one might feel that a result is watered down - a very strong study can get lost. But the coffee meta-analyses have all come out soundly supportive of coffee after PCa diagnosis.
This umbrella study concluded that "Coffee consumption was more often associated with benefit than harm for a range of health outcomes across exposures including high versus low, any versus none, and one extra cup a day."
"High versus low coffee consumption was associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer ...
"For prostate ... there were ... significant linear dose-response relations indicating benefit." More is better.
Not enough PCa detail to be very useful, but what might be of value to those with other health issues is the following:
"The conclusion of benefit associated with coffee consumption was supported by significant associations with lower risk for the generic outcomes of all cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and total cancer. Consumption was associated with a lower risk of specific cancers, including prostate cancer, endometrial cancer, melanoma, non-melanoma skin cancer, and liver cancer. Consumption also had beneficial associations with metabolic conditions including type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, gallstones, gout, and renal stones and for liver conditions including hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, cirrhosis mortality, and chronic liver disease combined. The beneficial associations between consumption and liver conditions stand out as consistently having the highest magnitude compared with other outcomes across exposure categories. Finally, there seems to be beneficial associations between coffee consumption and Parkinson’s disease, depression, and Alzheimer’s disease."
We, are told elsewhere that men with PCa have a greater risk of cardiovascular disease, so I have pasted the relevant umbrella finding below. Also, the section on metabolic disease, which affects many while on ADT, or even before.
The link [1] is to the full text.
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Good news about coffee is often reported grudgingly. How about this from the editorial [2]:
"Avoiding or reducing coffee consumption in response to deteriorating health ... may explain an apparent beneficial effect of coffee intake".
"Should doctors recommend drinking coffee to prevent disease? Should people start drinking coffee for health reasons? The answer to both questions is “no.” The evidence is so robust and consistent across studies and health outcomes, however, that we can be reassured that drinking coffee is generally safe, although some caveats apply."
"The evidence is so robust and consistent", but it would be unwise to encourage people to take up the habit. After all, coffee is a stimulant & meets none of the known dietary needs of the body. LOL
-Patrick
[1] bmj.com/content/359/bmj.j50...
"Cardiovascular disease
Coffee consumption was consistently associated with a lower risk of mortality from all causes of cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke in a non-linear relation, with summary estimates indicating largest reduction in relative risk at three cups a day.28 Compared with non-drinkers, risks were reduced by 19% (relative risk 0.81, 95% confidence interval 0.72 to 0.90) for mortality from cardiovascular disease, 16% (0.84, 0.71 to 0.99) for mortality from coronary heart disease, and 30% (0.70, 0.80 to 0.90) for mortality from stroke, at this level of intake. Increasing consumption to above three cups a day was not associated with harm, but the beneficial effect was less pronounced, and the estimates did not reach significance at the highest intakes. In stratification by sex within the same article, women seemed to benefit more than men at higher levels of consumption for outcomes of mortality from cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease but less so from stroke.28 In a separate meta-analysis, that did not test for non-linearity, an exposure of one extra cup a day was associated with a 2% reduced risk of cardiovascular mortality (0.98, 0.95 to 1.00).29 There was also evidence of benefit in relation to high versus low coffee consumption after myocardial infarction and lower risk of mortality (hazard ratio 0.55, 95% confidence interval 0.45 to 0.67).30
Coffee consumption was non-linearly associated with a lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease (relative risk 0.85, 95% confidence interval 0.80 to 0.90), coronary heart disease (0.90, 0.84 to 0.97), and stroke (0.80, 0.75 to 0.86), with these summary estimates indicating the largest benefits at consumptions of three to five cups a day.19 There was no apparent modification of this association by sex. Risk was also lower for the comparison of high versus low consumption but did not reach significance. Any versus no consumption was also associated with a beneficial effect on stroke (0.89, 0.81 to 0.97).31 High versus low coffee and one extra cup a day were both associated with a lower risk of atrial fibrillation but neither reached significance.32 There was no significant association between consumption and risk of venous thromboembolism.33 There was a non-linear association between consumption and heart failure, with summary estimates indicating the largest benefit at four cups a day (0.89, 0.81 to 0.99),24 with a slightly higher risk of heart failure at consumption of 10 or more cups a day (1.01, 0.90 to 1.14), though this did not reach significance.24 For hypertension, there were no significant estimates of risk at any level of consumption in a non-linear dose-response analysis34 nor in comparisons of any versus none.35 There was no clear benefit in comparisons of high with low decaffeinated consumption and cardiovascular disease.19
In a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials, coffee consumption had a marginally beneficial association with blood pressure when compared with control but failed to reach significance.35 Consumption does, however, seem consistently associated with unfavourable changes to the lipid profile, with mean differences in total cholesterol (0.19 mmol/L, 95% confidence interval 0.10 mmol/L to 0.28 mmol/L),36 low density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.14 mmol/L, 0.04 mmol/L to 0.25 mmol/L),36 and triglyceride (0.14 mmol/L, 0.04 mmol/L to 0.24 mmol/L)36 higher in the coffee intervention arms than the control arms (1 mmol/L cholesterol = 38.6 mg/dL, 1 mmol/L triglyceride = 88.5 mg/dL37). Consumption was associated with lower high density cholesterol (−0.002 mmol/L, −0.02 mmol/L to 0.54 mol/L), but this did not reach significance. The increases in cholesterol concentration were mitigated with filtered coffee, with a marginal rise in concentration (mean difference 0.09 mmol/L, 0.02 to 0.17)36 and no significant changes to low density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglycerides compared with unfiltered (boiled) coffee. Similarly, decaffeinated coffee seemed to have negligible effect on the lipid profile.36"
"Metabolic disease
Coffee consumption was consistently associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes for high versus low consumption (relative risk 0.70, 95% confidence interval 0.65 to 0.75)21 and one extra cup a day (0.94, 0.93 to 0.95).65 There was some evidence for a non-linear dose-response, but the risk was still lower for each dose of increased consumption between one and six cups.21 Consumption of decaffeinated coffee also seemed to have similar associations of comparable magnitude.21 For metabolic syndrome high versus low coffee consumption was associated with 9% lower risk (0.91, 0.86 to 0.95).26 High versus low consumption was also significantly associated with a lower risk of renal stones66 and gout.67"
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Coffee and Tea and PC
