Dr. Alberto Espay challenges the widely held "gain-of-function" hypothesis, which posits that the aggregation of alpha-synuclein into toxic clumps (Lewy bodies) is the primary driver of PD. Instead, he and colleagues propose a "loss-of-function" or "synucleinopenia" hypothesis. This view suggests that the critical issue in PD pathogenesis might be the depletion of the normal, soluble form of alpha-synuclein, rather than solely the accumulation of its aggregated form.
He and collaborators, have questioned the centrality of the gain-of-function hypothesis. They propose an alternative or complementary "loss-of-function" perspective, termed synucleinopenia, based on several observations:
1) CSF Levels: Lower levels of total alpha-synuclein in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are associated with faster disease progression and greater brain atrophy, suggesting that a lack of the protein (in its soluble form) is detrimental.
2) Poor Correlation: The amount and location of Lewy body pathology in the brain do not correlate well with the severity or progression of clinical symptoms in PD patients.
3) Lewy bodies are often found in the healthy brains of individuals who died without any neurological symptoms.
4) Nature of Aggregates: Lewy bodies represent the insoluble fraction of alpha-synuclein. Their formation involves the transformation of the soluble, functional form (monomeric alpha-synuclein) into an insoluble state.
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