Interesting - small study, but researchers report evidence of picornavirus antigen in 7 of 9 #Parkinsons postmortem samples of midbrain, compared to only 1 of 11 control samples; Antigen was present in dopamine-containing neurons of the substantia nigra
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Picornavirus May Be Linked to Parkinson’s Disease through Viral Antigen in Dopamine-Containing Neurons of Substantia Nigra
I am very intrigued by the idea that at least some PD cases originate as a virus. Thanks for sharing this.
Antiviral Activity of the Zinc Ionophores Pyrithione and Hinokitiol against Picornavirus Infections 2009 ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl...
"We have discovered two metal ion binding compounds, pyrithione (PT) and hinokitiol (HK), that efficiently inhibit human rhinovirus, coxsackievirus, and mengovirus multiplication. Early stages of virus infection are unaffected by these compounds. However, the cleavage of the cellular eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4GI by the rhinoviral 2A protease was abolished in the presence of PT and HK. We further show that these compounds inhibit picornavirus replication by interfering with proper processing of the viral polyprotein. In addition, we provide evidence that these structurally unrelated compounds lead to a rapid import of extracellular zinc ions into cells. Imported Zn2+ was found to be localized in punctate structures, as well as in mitochondria. The observed elevated level of zinc ions was reversible when the compounds were removed. As the antiviral activity of these compounds requires the continuous presence of the zinc ionophore PT, HK, or pyrrolidine-dithiocarbamate, the requirement for zinc ions for the antiviral activity is further substantiated. Therefore, an increase in intracellular zinc levels provides the basis for a new antipicornavirus mechanism."
They mention PDTC plus Zinc: "Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, Figure 1), a STAT/NF-κB inhibitor and an antioxidant, is known to exert anti-inflammation, antioxidant, and radical scavenger functions (Tahata et al., 2014)."
"Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) is are a family of closely related drugs used for a metal chelation, induction of G1 phase cell cycle arrest,[1] and preventing induction of nitric oxide synthase.[2]
Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate binds zinc such that the resulting complex can enter the cell and inhibit viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.[3] "
Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate ameliorates rotenone-induced Parkinson’s disease in rats 2017 sciencedirect.com/science/a...
Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate activates the Nrf2 pathway in astrocytes 2016 jneuroinflammation.biomedce...
"PDTC activates Nrf2 and its antioxidative targets in astrocytes but not neurons. These effects may contribute to the neuroprotection observed for PDTC in models of Alzheimer’s disease."
Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate Prevents Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Dysfunction after Endotoxemia in Rats 2016 frontiersin.org/articles/10...
Antiviral Effects of Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate on Human Rhinoviruses 2002 journals.asm.org/doi/10.112...
So rhinovirus is one of the common picornaviruses. I am not having a lot of luck focusing on things that treat picornavirus, so will try to focus on the rhinovirus.
Propolis looks useful:
Propolis, Bee Honey, and Their Components Protect against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review of In Silico, In Vitro, and Clinical Studies 2021 mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/5/123...
"Thanks to its strong antimicrobial effects, bee workers use propolis for insulating hives, mummifying dead insects and animals that get into the hive, and for other disinfecting purposes [45,50]. For the same reason, propolis is widely used as a preservative of foods, beverages, and medicines [45,55]. Propolis is a key agent in apitherapy because of its rich flavonoid content as well as its antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties [20,48,56,57]. Active ingredients in propolis express a strong immunomodulatory potential and potent inhibitory effects against numerous microbial enzymes (e.g., urease, xanthine oxidase, acetylcholinesterase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase), which are involved in the pathology of several clinically important conditions [48]. The literature denotes a broad-spectrum antiviral activity of propolis, which involves inhibiting a variety of viruses such as herpes simplex virus, sindbis virus, parainfluenze-3 virus, human cytomegalovirus, dengue virus type-2, influenza virus A1, and rhinovirus [5]. RT-PCR denotes a superior antiviral activity of kaempferol, quercetin, chrysin, and luteolin to that of ribavirin against human rhinoviruses, which cause 50% of common colds attacks worldwide [58]. Kaempferol and p-coumaric acid remarkably reduced the RNA replication levels when administered early within 0–4 h after virus inoculation [58]. Propolis exerts a viricidal activity by destroying viral outer envelope (e.g., of human immunodeficiency virus); it also inhibits viral replication and transmission among cells [42]. Flavonoids of propolis are reported to exhibit potent ACE-inhibiting properties in vivo and in vitro [49,56]."
Table 1. Foods having anti-viral efficacy against different virus strains cell.com/heliyon/pdf/S2405-...
Garlic: Hinder viral attachment to host cell, alter transcription and translation of viral genome in host cell and also affect viral assembly.
Useful for: Influenza A (H1N1), Human cytomegalovirus HCMV, Rhinovirus, HIV, and Herpes simplex virus.
Moringaoleifera ( walmart.com/ip/Spring-Valle... ),Inhibition of HIV-1 integrase and virion production. Inhibited viral protein synthesis or nuclear transport of viral nucleoprotein (NP). Down regulated pgRNA expression to prevent viral replication.
Useful for: Foot and Mouth disease virus (FMDV), Equine herpes virus, Rhinovirus (þsense ss RNA virus), and Influenza virus H9, Epstein Barr virus (EBV), HSV-1 (Herpes simplex virus type 1), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), Infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus, HIV/AIDS
Quercetin inhibits rhinovirus replication in vitro and in vivo 2012 ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl...
Chrysin: Perspectives on Contemporary Status and Future Possibilities as Pro-Health Agent 2021 proquest.com/docview/254492...
"Chrysin has an influence on the biosynthesis of sphingolipids, which may be associated with a reduction of oxidative stress that depends on levels of ceramides in the organism [88]. It has antiviral properties against such viruses as human rhinoviruses (HRV) [89], influenza H1N1 [90], coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) [91] and others. It also has an antiallergic activity, which was confirmed in a study on its influence on airway inflammation. Administered at a dose of 50 mg kg−1 daily in a mouse model, chrysin significantly suppressed airway hyperresponsiveness to acetylcholine chloride, caused by ovalbumin. In addition, chrysin decreased total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in serum and the total number of inflammatory cells and eosinophils in BALF [92]. Because of its antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activity, chrysin plays a protective role in benign prostatic hyperplasia associated with testosterone, commonly affecting men in their sixties [93]. According to the newest reports, reduction of oxidative stress achieved after administration of chrysin leads to the conclusion that this compound can be employed in the treatment of acute pancreatitis [94]. Chrysin also has antinociceptive properties in diabetes mellitus complications, considerably affecting quality and length of life, such as diabetic neuropathy [95]."
"chrysin, found in high concentrations in honey and propolis" pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/149...
Thanks for sharing this! It is one of the most intriguing findings that I’ve read about, over the years. Since I have suffered from Post-Polio Syndrome, I’m wondering if there is a connection to Picornavirus - also, relating to my being diagnosed, with PD, in my 70’s! Again, thanks for your contributions to this forum!
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