Apologies for the length of this post but the information I share below comes from Chris Kesser. He says
"The first randomized controlled trial on vitamin D and COVID-19 has been published.
The results are extraordinary. In short, taking vitamin D virtually eliminated the risk of ICU admission—and may completely eliminate the risk of death—from COVID-19. The full text of the study is available online, but here’s a brief summary:
In Spain, 76 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia were randomized into two groups.
Fifty received vitamin D supplements; 26 did not.
The doses were roughly equivalent to ~30,000 IU/day for the first week, and 7,600 IU/day until discharge, ICU admission, or death.
In the control group (that wasn’t taking vitamin D), 50 percent required ICU admission. In the vitamin D group, only 2 percent were admitted to the ICU!
In the control group, there were two deaths. In the vitamin D group, there were no deaths.
The findings for ICU admission were highly statistically significant, which means the chances that there is a true causal relationship between vitamin D and a reduced risk of ICU admission are very high.
The findings for deaths were not statistically significant, because (thankfully) the number of deaths in the study was too small. But given that ICU admissions were nearly abolished by vitamin D, it is likely that vitamin D also greatly reduces the risk of death from COVID-19.
These findings will need to be replicated before we can get too excited. But if that happens, they are truly game-changing. They suggest that maintaining adequate vitamin D levels should be a strong part of the public health messaging around protecting against COVID-19, and that therapeutic doses of vitamin D should be used in the treatment.
But what is an adequate level of vitamin D?
There’s still some controversy around this, but the weight of the research points to a minimum of 30 ng/mL and a possible maximum of 60 ng/mL. There’s no evidence that 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25D) levels above 60 ng/mL provide additional protection, and there’s some evidence that levels higher than this may (in theory, at least—this hasn’t been shown) increase the risk of more severe COVID-19 infection.
With this in mind, here’s what I recommend for maintaining adequate vitamin D levels during the pandemic:
Get your 25D levels tested. If they are between 30 and 60 ng/mL, continue doing what you’ve been doing. Please note, however, that we are now moving into fall/winter in the Northern Hemisphere, so you may need to increase your supplementation to maintain the same levels.
Supplement if your levels are low. The exact dose needed will vary depending on 1) how far below 30 ng/mL your levels are; 2) your body weight and health status; 3) status of nutritional cofactors like magnesium, calcium, vitamin K2, vitamin C, etc.; 4) ethnicity and skin color; 5) gut health/nutrient absorption, and more. Since many of these factors are not easily knowable, most people can target a dose of ~4,000 to 8,000 IU/day. If your 25D levels are well below 30 ng/mL, and/or you are overweight or have other health conditions, aim for the higher end. If your levels are close to 30 ng/mL already, and/or you are lean and healthy, aim for the lower end. The overwhelming majority of studies have shown that there is no risk of taking up to 8,000 IU of vitamin D per day.
Consider a higher dose of vitamin D if you contract COVID-19. If you happen to contract COVID-19, consider taking a higher dose of vitamin D for a short period of time—especially if you don’t know what your D levels are, or if you know you’re deficient. In the study, the doses used during the first week of treatment were 106,400 IU on day 1, then 53,200 IU on days 3 and 7, then 7,600 IU per day thereafter.
Ensure adequate levels of cofactors like magnesium, vitamin C, calcium, and vitamin K2. Magnesium is especially important, and most people should aim for between 250 and 500 mg/d.
This is a simple, affordable, virtually risk-free strategy that everyone should be taking to protect themselves and their families. "
My question is this: if this study has been done and yielded these results, and vitamin D is a safe and effective treatment [as opposed to a vaccine which has been rushed through with both questionable safety and efficacy] why is the UK government only looking at a vaccine - why is no consideration being given to Vitamin D which aside from covid-beating would improve the health of the nation generally?
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Published online 2020 Jun 11. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105719
PMCID: PMC7289092
PMID: 32535032
Vitamin D receptor stimulation to reduce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in patients with coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infections
Revised Ms SBMB 2020_166
Jose Manuel Quesada-Gomez,a,b Marta Entrenas-Castillo,c and Roger Bouillond,*
Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer
aInstituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC). Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Fundación Progreso y Salud, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
bCIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Spain
cUGC de Neumología. Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC). Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Avda Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
dDepartment of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Herestraat, ON 1/902, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
Roger Bouillon: eb.nevueluk@nolliuob.regor
Abstract
Coronavirus infection is a serious health problem awaiting an effective vaccine and/or antiviral treatment. The major complication of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the Acute Respiratory Distress syndrome (ARDS), is due to a variety of mechanisms including cytokine storm, dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system, neutrophil activation and increased (micro)coagulation. Based on many preclinical studies and observational data in humans, ARDS may be aggravated by vitamin D deficiency and tapered down by activation of the vitamin D receptor. Several randomized clinical trials using either oral vitamin D or oral Calcifediol (25OHD) are ongoing. Based on a pilot study, oral calcifediol may be the most promising approach. These studies are expected to provide guidelines within a few months.
Keywords: Vitamin D, vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol; Calcifediol or 25-hydroxyvitamin D3; 1α, 25(OH)2D or 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D or calcitriol; Corona virus; SARS-CoV-2; Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); Cytokine storm; Lung diseases; Renin-angiotensin system; Hypercoagulability
I’ve seen a few studies suggesting vitamin D might play a role in susceptibility to COVID-19. It seems vit D deficiency increases the risk. There isn’t proof at the moment and although the Government is looking at many approaches their strategy is the only recommend those that are known to work.
Regarding vitamin D I think a better approach might be to advise the public that it may offer some protection and therefore it is wise to take vitamin D supplements as it is a safe and cheap option. The danger of course is that people think they are safer and cease to take precautions such as social distancing.
But this one sciencedirect.com/science/a... is the first randomised clinical study since we have been beset by cv19 and looks pretty much like proof to me. I expect the authorities to ignore it.
This and other studies suggest vitamin D helps prevent and treat COVID-19. I would supplement to avoid deficiency in addition to other strategies such as social distancing.
for someone like me who cannot have any kind of vaccine this study offers me hope that the vitamin D could be an alternative way of protecting myself - I am sure there are others in a similar position who will be also heartened by this news.
It looks like vitamin D deficiency puts us at extra risk from COVID-19 so it makes good sense to supplement a little. Vaccines vary considerably in effectiveness, polio vaccine has been a wonderful advance whereas influenza vaccines are a boon but moderately effective.
We don’t know if there will be a vaccine for COVID-19 or how effective it will be. I think we should take every reasonable precaution without going over the top or worrying too much.
Which brings to a crunch my oft-repeated cry - What do people do who are unable to tolerate vitamin D supplements? Are they supposed to do nothing and, in the end, suffer worse from Covid-19? Are there any proper answers?
only if you’re well off enough have a private garden 🙄 we were banned from working in our allotments for more than a hour a day - I thought that was bonkers.
When many millions of £££'s have been invested in a vaccine that may or may not work it seems that talking about a humble vitamin is not flavour of the day. Big Pharma cannot patent a vitamin !
Preventative medicine has never been a strong point of the prevailing medical model !
Yes - but I was thinking predominantly of the BBC/SKY/ITN news bulletins. All of them have reported ad nauseam the fact that there is a disproportionate risk of succumbing to covid in the BAME community, attributing it to social deprivation and discrimination and never once have I seen their vitamin D status mentioned. To that extent it is actually biased reporting and doing this community a disservice as their covid risk could be much diminished if the medical community was prompted by accurate reporting to consider and act on their vitamin D status. Many people don't have time to read a newspaper but do have time to digest the nightly news - for lots that is their only news.
It isn't clear how much of the vitamin D news was carried on national television, but the BBC certainly have put out items about vitamin D. Obviously not all will be relevant, certainly not all refer to Covid-19 at all, but there are towards 300 items identified by a search.
The items seem to be predominantly items that were carried on the website but I am sure quite a number were put out on various radio channels - local and national.
Ah yes - seems they have joined up with GSK too to grab a share of the supplement market. Guess GSK need to re-coup some of the millions they have had to pay out in compensation due to harmful drugs ...
You could argue that the supplement industry has hitched a ride on the pharmaceutical industry. For example, they can simply buy ingredients already in widespread use in pharma.
But pharma has invested in some supplement companies.
When it comes to substances like vitamin B12, just where is the line between pharma and supplement?
Dr malcom kendick (Cheshire ) did a blog back in April ref vit D, he pointed out that those most vulnerable are also those prone to low vit D (elderly, darker skin, less active, diabetic etc) also that our vit D lower in winter months when it first started. He also said high dose vit c, zinc and quecertin (spelling ) which is in red onions and red apples would boost immunity, kendrick also said the fear and stress would harm many and best single thing you can do for your health is switch the news off as tbh you are more likely to die of cancer than covid.
True but they say one in three people will get cancer. I always remember the massive poster on hammersmith broadway back in the 80's ' if there are 4 of you in your car one if you will get cancer' always scared me to death (as I looked at my friends in the car and hoping it wasn't going to be me)
My nephew was told at school 1 in 4 of the people in the world was Chinese. When he got home and sat down for tea with his mum dad and brother he told them and then asked in all earnest “So which one of us is Chinese?”
To "get cancer" doesn't necessarily mean to die from it. I am a 6-year lung cancer survivor. My husband has survived throat, skin, and prostate cancer.
In the same way not everyone who gets covid will die and it's a shame reports don't focus on this.
Wowzers you and your husband have been through the mill, just goes to show how good nhs is, however 3 months cancelled treatment and operations, then the backlog will not help new cases.
Hope-Simpson showed that it is actually quite difficult to catch a virus off someone if you are healthy and have a decent vit D level - even if you drink their snot! See ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl...
I've heard people saying about it all kicking off in winter before, because our Vitamin D levels fall etc. It makes some sense, but then we have to remember it was only winter in the northern hemisphere - the virus took hold in many southern hemisphere nations at the height of their summer.
It did start in those countries in their summer though, and in fairness, it's quite rampant in Peru/Brazil/Chile, even Mexico/Florida, which are less seasonal.
Apparently in more tropical areas, viruses follow the rainy season or something like that. I didn't read those articles very well as I'm not likely to live in a tropical area
yes but what was the vitamin D status of those people? even in their summer? - if they were constantly slathering themselves in sunscreen as the antipodeans are so fond of doing to avoid catching skin cancer and were not supplementing or eating it D rich food they would have low levels of vit D irrespective of the season
But the argument is that it kicked off in winter because that's when vitamin D levels are lowest, but it wasn't winter in every nation it kicked off in.
Given that the vitamin D market is huge, I wonder what effect that has on vitamin D levels across populations? Can we still claim that vitamin D drops in winter? Or do those who see the need supplement to such an extent that vitamin D levels are stable or even rise?
(Obviously, in an individual who doesn't supplement, vitamin D would usually be expected to fall in winter. I am talking at the level of country populations.)
This doctor has been promoting vitamin D for many months and he is brilliant at analysing the trends and results of this pandemic. Link being tricky it's Doctor John Campbell.
check out Dr Mercola he writes loads of stuff about effective supplements for Covid prevention and treatment-not just Vit D but high dose Vit C ,zinc ,quercetin ,nebulised hydrogen peroxide .There is a huge amount of information about helping our immune systems out there but so much info is being deleted / censored by certain social media sites or hidden in searches by the search engine giants algorhythms
Spot on, Marz. It's all about big pharma money - full stop. And the Governments are easily led by scientists as we've seen cos it lets them off the hook. When did they ever make their own decision which could be later shown to be wrong and so help lose votes?
Sorry Jim, but I disagree with your comment about only recommending what's known to work. They back whatever they're told by big pharma might or might not work (and the jury is largely out at present for both prevention and treatment of covid).
Surely they should at least use OUR money to support natural approaches as well as allopathic??? Instead they allow/support online media's attempts to block people like Kresser, Mercola reporting them to us. Disgraceful!
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Insufficient control group and surely the majority of people in Spain already have adequate or higher Vit D levels because of their climate unless perhaps they have not been out for other reasons. Were they tested prior to treatment? What about other underlining health conditions, blood groups, ethenticity, general health etc.? There has also been so called miracle treatment from salt tablets. The healthier you are including vitamins, the less likely you are to die from COVID-19 generally but this needs a lot more research. Many research projects are ongoing throughout the world. But keep taking your Vit D LOL
I suspect you are making an assumption there about vitamin D levels in Spain.
It can be concluded that vitamin D deficiency (se-rum 25(OH)D <25nmol/l) is more common in southern than in northern Europe. Risk groups are the elderly (especially the institutionalised and house-bound), adolescents, and non-western immigrants. Dependent on the required serum 25(OH)D level, either 50 or 75nmol/l, the percentage of the population with vitamin D insufficiency is high or very high in most European countries.
From living in Greece I observed the elderly hiding from the sun and often swathed in lots of black clothing - when widowed. They often came out at around 5pm for a paddle in the sea - clothes hitched up !
Yes I agree, when you mention elderly, housebound etc. less sunlight etc. and they tend to cover up more but isn't that the point, they are more likely to have underlining health conditions. The studies obviously need to show a link to increasing Vit D improved their COVID-19 recovery and not any other factors. Very difficult in such a small control group and without comprehensive analysis.
Interesting read, especially in light of numbers of deaths reducing in the northern hemisphere in the summer months. It makes me wonder if people are naturally producing more vitamin D in the summer months perhaps this is a natural protective factor for some. Would definitely make sense to recommend taking in winter months at least.
I do think though it’s not an either or situation. I have actually volunteered for the Covid vaccination trial and have been really impressed at the process and effort going in to finding a possible solution. Maybe it won’t work, but it’s worth a shot, especially for the more vulnerable members of society and those of us who been having to work as front line NHS staff.
In the control group (that wasn’t taking vitamin D), 50 percent required ICU admission. In the vitamin D group, only 2 percent were admitted to the ICU!
I like that they call it 2%. 2% of 50 is one patient
This is very promising although such a small scale.
Regarding your vaccine point: this study was based on people who were already in hospital. It doesn't tell us whether vitamin D would prevent patients from catching the virus in the first instance (it likely would, but no guarantees), which is the aim of the vaccine.
The initial doses were incredibly high: ~30,000 IU/day for the first week, and 7,600 IU/day until discharge, ICU admission, or death. We need that translated into a preventative dose for the wider population.
Awful lot of money needed for developing, testing and large scale testing of a vaccine, only get a return if you come up with a vaccine and it’s one of the best. Risk of massive litigation if you slip up and people are harmed.
Lots of money in vitamins.
I don’t think the strategy is determined purely by financial concerns.
No risk of loss of money from litigation - nowadays governments/taxpayers pay for that. Companies are indemnified against problems with vaccines or they won't make them, so no incentive to make sure they are safe and effective, as there once was.
Yes that in itself is enough for me NOT to have the vaccine, that's like telling me the damage/side effects will be too huge to pay compensation so must have no legal liability. People die of flu every year even when vaccinated usually the same vulnerable groups.
Perhaps I am mistaken then. I think I might have got this impression from Dr Malcolm Kendrick’s blog, maybe he was just referring to the States.
I’ve done a quick search and he does imply UK has given vaccine developers indemnity from liability. The blog post was a year back. Perhaps the European law is more recent.
Another element, adopted by countries such as Canada, the US, UK, France, and Germany, was to provide vaccine manufacturers indemnity from liability for wrongdoing, thereby reducing the risk of a lawsuit stemming from vaccine related injury.’ Quite extraordinary. In my view, beyond extraordinary.
In 2017, this court judgement was handed down. I think that, as EU members at the time, it would apply in the UK. However, having no legal training at all, I could easily be missing all sorts of factors. Like later judgements.
My point is that this appears to allow a compensation c;laim against a vaccine manufacturer, at least in some cases. Not the blanket "not possible" that appears to have been suggested.
Vaccine ruling from Europe's highest court isn't as crazy as scientists think
Media and scientific uproar over admissible evidence 'exaggerated', say legal scholars.
Laura Castells
& Declan Butler
28 June 2017
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Going by news reports, Europe's highest court threw science out the window last week.
The Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ) in Luxembourg handed down a judgment on 21 June in a compensation case involving a French man who claimed that a vaccination for hepatitis B caused his multiple sclerosis. The ruling specifies what type of evidence is allowed in EU member states in such cases, but it prompted a flurry of negative press coverage: "Vaccines can be blamed for illness without scientific evidence," warned CNN, while The Telegraph, a UK newspaper, claimed that the ruling “could open floodgates for spurious vaccination claims”.
In the UK, US and possibly other countries, vaccine manufacturers are indemnified against legal claims over vaccine-related adverse effects, up to and including death.
It's been true for quite some time. The plans to grant indemnity re Covid vaccine(s) relate to the fact this will be an unlicensed treatment that will be used before it has gone through the usual regulatory procedures. Humanbean has linked to the information further down.
big pharma companies are protected from litigation if their medications harm people ( at least that is the case in the US)Theres an awful big return for those investing in finding a vaccine -Bill Gates for example- which is why there is no "appetite " for prevention by people improving their health by diet and supplementation.Big Pharma needs us all to be and keep ill
The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation works well at reducing their Tax Bill I have read. Fingers in too many pies in the name of Philanthropy when reducing the population is the name of the game. Beware of G(r)eeks bearing gifts ...
I’m sure charity donations are tax exempt in the USA as in the UK. I don’t know if he gives £1billion to charity whether he would get more than £1billion in tax rebates or whether he would just not pay tax on that £1billion as is the case in the UK.
I have no idea how tax exemptions work - I just do not like the mis-use of power money creates. How many governments - universities - research labs - MSM- are financed by him/them ? - not forgetting the WHO and the WEF. It skews the global picture. Then we have to deal with his other craze - blocking g out the sun ! Very appropriate for a VitD thread !!
he may do, but look at the massive [I'd say all pervasive] influence he will have - stifling debate or discussion - is that a good or healthy thing? I don't think so
The powers-that-be are trying to persuade society that they can do it in record-breaking time by skipping a lot of the testing phases.
2) Nobody has ever developed a successful vaccine for a coronavirus before. The powers-that-be are probably hoping to develop an annual vaccine like the one for flu which will bring in lots more money than a one-off vaccine, but will massively increase the risks for people who are vaccinated.
3) In the UK the government wants to pass new rules allowing people to be forced to accept vaccination with a poorly tested vaccine.
Once a vaccine is made mandatory we will never get back the freedom to refuse to have one. There is a petition that people can sign, although I have to say I have no faith in petitions on any subject. The government does what it wants, usually with no reference to parliament.
4) In my opinion the hysteria about HCQ, vitamin D, zinc, steroids, and (for those who develop bacterial pneumonia) azithromycin, has been orchestrated to make sure people are not treated with cheap, well tested, well understood, unpatented drugs and society is persuaded their only hope is a vaccine. Drugs that are no longer patented do not make profits. Vaccines do.
However, two of the most promising treatments are dexamethasone and hydrocortisone. Not new. Not in patent.
And T3 in the UK is most certainly making a profit for someone. Never having been patented (so far as I know - but certainly not in patent now) has not stopped gouging taking place.
Yes, I know. That's why I mentioned steroids. I was suggesting that the hysteria from the media about HCQ etc was to prevent people from trying things which are cheap and no longer patented (like steroids) which have helped people. I think my sentence was poorly constructed, or you misunderstood what I meant - I don't think we are disagreeing.
In the US they are trying to push through a drug costing thousands of dollars to replace HCQ that costs pence. Mr Fauci is involved with the licence. Remdesivir I think is the name. Huge amounts of effort gone into discrediting HCQ.
Dr Vernon Coleman did a good short video on vaccines - the payouts. Many of his videos have been taken down but the transcripts remain on his website.
Your first reference is a long document, where does it say people will be forced to take the vaccine? The document also seems to say that any vaccine would have to be fully tested, it draws a distinction between ‘tested’ and ‘licensed’. A future COVID-19 vaccine may be unlicensed (like liothyronine for hypothyroidism) but has to be tested. I‘m away from home at the moment so don’t have PC access or time to study the document.
I don't think we are out of the woods yet on the subject of mandatory vaccination. I still believe it could happen if a vaccine comes out. But for today at least, we're still okay.
That’s fine. Totally unscientific but my hunch is that any vaccine will be much like the influenza vaccine, i.e. moderately effective. We may have to have a multi-faceted approach with vaccine, vitamin D, improved therapy and other options like track and trace. Perhaps in the long term there will be some herd immunity and things will be more normal.
There’s also a trial of liothyronine due to complete next summer that may reduce mortality.
Think it has been re-named - Test and Trace. For more information about what is tested and constitutes a 'case' is well explained in Dr Kendricks latest Blog.
does this mean that there is a possibility that those of us who are taking high dose T3 as part of their treatment regimen for certain forms of hypothyroidism will gain an additional anti-covid benefit from it?
No. In severe illness and particularly in COVID-19 you get ‘low T3 syndrome’. Nobody truly knows whether this low T3 is protective or pathogenic. i.e. whether it helps recovery or makes the patient worse. This study is an attempt to answer that question, as far as COVID-19 goes.
I haven’t seen this. Perhaps they need to improve the current polio vaccines. A number of countries have Moslem extremist groups that attack vaccine facilities, it’s very difficult for these governments to fight off these groups. This is not a sleight on Islam, most Moslems support vaccination and have excellent community attitudes and support.
In general the polio vaccination program has been a great success, I remember when every infant school had polio damaged children.
don't think it hasn't happened here too. Dr Elizabeth Dowsett, who has provided advice to the ME/CFS community, calls it, in many cases, post-polio syndrome. But of course in medical circles it dare not speak its name.
I recall reading that at one time when tuberculosis was rampant, they used to shut people up in darkened rooms. Then they discovered that making sure the patients got some fresh air and sun shine improved survival rates. This discussion got me to thinking about the role of Vitamin D. Found this: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl...
I recently read about that, and was shocked at the assertion that polio vaccination has been successful. It seems people are still unaware of what's really going on. Sadly, this has been the case all along. The only change is the cry of hurrah at the wild virus being insignificant now...we just have to deal with the vaccine-derived polio 2 version now. I gather it takes multiple vaccinations to do so☹️
That's what I'd like know. I don't know about 'Muslim' groups, but I know there are groups/tribes of people worldwide that become sick of their children suffering damage from the multiple vaccine programmes, and try to fight against it. We did it here once, in 1885 in Leicester, against the smallpox vaccine.
Gosh, that one really stuck didn't it...still going round. I won't get into it here, as the post will be undoubtedly be closed, but interesting to note that his series of case study notes re MMR were removed from the Lancet by the GMC 12 years (!) after publication.
The retraction occurred just as he had published another study that revealed neurological dysfunction in male baby monkeys after receiving a single dose of hepatitis B vaccine at birth....a common practice now in some places, where damage claims soar. Maybe that's what it was all about...the last straw...who knows?
When published without his name, studies were labelled 'further investigations are required'...it's all smoke and mirrors, unfortunately.
Here is one ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl... , there are other cases such as in Indonesia. These actions are carried out by a tiny minority. My aim was to point out the consequences of stopping vaccination, I’m in danger of drifting off topic. Where polio vaccination has stopped new cases of polio have occurred.
This would also explain why black and brown communities are so disproportionately affected! Darker skin tones don’t absorb as much vitamin D from the sun, and tend to run lower on vitamin D. What a simple preventive step for so many at risk....we need to share this info. Thanks!
Same with the measles outbreak at Disneyland - it was not the wild variety ! India suffered huge problems with polio vaccine and banned BG.
Vaccines Revealed on-line summit currently running ...
We have been told that the flu vaccine no longer contains mercury - well it does but in a smaller quantity which does not have to be declared on the label !
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Help please; suspected low Vitamin D; advice on supplementation please.
How much vitamin D to take?
Low Vitamin D and thyroid hormone utilization connection?
Vitamin D Deficiency/Maintenance Dose
RCT suggests over 65s need 4,000 IU vitamin D daily for disease prevention
