' Despite the varied outcome tools, this review found that patients with PD who were taking citicoline had significant improvement in rigidity, akinesia, tremor, handwriting, and speech. Citicoline allowed effective reduction of levodopa by up to 50%. Significant improvement in cognitive status evaluation was also noted with citicoline adjunctive therapy. Implications Citicoline adjuvant therapy has beneficial effects as an adjuvant therapy in patients with PD.'
In the following study it is stated that PwP are at increased risk for glaucoma :
>>> ' Results: The frequency of glaucoma was higher in eyes of PD patients in comparison to controls (16.33% vs.
6.63%; p=0.004) and intraocular pressure was significantly lower (16.88 ± 3.18 vs. 17.76 ± 3.21 mm Hg; p=0.009).
Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as calculated perfusion pressures did not differ significantly between
PD and control group with exception of higher diastolic perfusion pressure in PD patients’ eyes. The retinal fiber layer
thickness did not significantly differ between investigated no-glaucoma groups, but revealed significant reduction in
superior and inferior quadrant in glaucoma PD patients.
Conclusion: PD patients have increased risk of glaucoma. ' >> ' CONCLUSION
With oral citicoline treatment, the loss in the average RNFL is prevented in POAG patients in the short-term. Study data show that citicoline may have a significant impact on slowing glaucoma progression, which could have a potential neuroprotective effect. ' <<<
As you can see, newer studies continue to uncover the full usefulness of Citicoline in PD and PD related health issues.
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Possibly, but there are not heads up studies between the two to determine which is more effective. Citicoline offers multiple benefits as TruNiagen does, so in some ways they are comparable. I assume you are asking to see which would be the better choice for you and I imagine that will come down to which one has the better studies to support all of the uses that you would be using these two for.
On a somewhat related note vitamin B3 in the form of nicotinamide/niacinamide also offers anti-glaucoma effects inexpensively.
Nicotinamide /niacinamide is also a NAD+ precursor so it may be additive to TruNiagen in that effect if that is what you are trying to do it may be worth looking into further.
An additional consideration is that niacin (not as NR or NMN) depletes methylation stores more than supplementing with NR. But even with NR, supplementing with Betaine / TMG to restore methylation is a good idea. I recently read that replenishing creatine is a good idea as well given how much is used up in methylation. (My laymen terms are not doing this subject justice)
The highest dosage of Citicoline I have seen in a study is 2 grams per day used in a study where they were trying to help people reduce their craving for methamphetamine. In the study I referenced, they used 250 mg/day.
>>> ' A total of 7 studies (2 crossover, 3 randomized controlled, and 2 open prospective studies) were included. Despite the varied outcome tools, this review found that patients with PD who were taking citicoline had significant improvement in rigidity, akinesia, tremor, handwriting, and speech. Citicoline allowed effective reduction of levodopa by up to 50%. Significant improvement in cognitive status evaluation was also noted with citicoline adjunctive therapy. ' <<<
Add in the anti glaucoma effects and memory improving effects and citicoline seems useful for PwP.
Dopamine signaling is a highly complex process, and one that scientists are eager to understand—especially given its role in movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Now, a team at Harvard Medical School has identified a new mechanism that underlies dopamine release in the brain. The research, conducted in mice and published March 24 in Science, shows that another chemical messenger called acetylcholine can trigger the firing of dopamine neurons by binding to a part of these neurons not previously known to initiate firing.
Very interesting findings, especially since acetylcholine levels are known to be low in PD and AD. Citicoline has been shown to increase acetylcholine in the brain. Most newer data suggests that Citicoline is the better option to choline since it has a hypothesized lower conversion to TMA and TMAO . TMAO is considered to be a promoter of atherosclerosis which we definitely don't need. Newer research also suggests higher efficacy over choline.
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